{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T08:35:50Z","timestamp":1793867750795,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic-resistant microbes represent a growing problem for modern medicine and public health. Projections indicate that deaths from such infections could reach 10 million per year by 2050. Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are among the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity in hospitals, impacting millions of patients globally. The emergence of HAI is associated with resistance to antimicrobials, rapidly worsening the patient\u2019s condition. Antimicrobial resistance determines unresponsiveness to treatment, which can ultimately lead to severe complications such as sepsis and shock. It is estimated that one in every ten patients are susceptible to infection during their stay in hospital, with the microorganism responsible for the infection frequently proving resistant to antibiotics. Among the latter, CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), CRAB (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii), CRPA (carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), commonly referred to as \u2018superbugs\u2019, are a major cause of HAIs. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections, with particular emphasis on their incidence, distribution over time, and correlation with the socioeconomic status of different countries. Furthermore, the review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of current preventive strategies in reducing the incidence and mortality associated with HAIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1763989765000},"page":"1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Paradox of Healthcare in the \u2018Superbugs\u2019 Era: Current Challenges and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elenoire","family":"Sole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Trinchera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"De Gaetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Midiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Schepici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70939","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70939","article-title":"Prevalence of Healthcare-Acquired Infections Among Adults in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Odoom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. 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