{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T09:14:44Z","timestamp":1764666884815,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68748488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68748488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Placental infections caused by Schistosoma spp. and sexually transmitted microorganisms can adversely impact pregnancy outcomes. However, the association between molecular detection of these pathogens in placental tissue and corresponding histopathological inflammation remains unclear, particularly in sub-Saharan African populations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, placental parenchyma specimens with limited membrane sampling were collected from 103 Ivorian and Ghanaian mothers without known pregnancy or birth complications. Tissue pieces adjacent to PCR-tested samples were analyzed by real-time PCR targeting Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Schistosoma spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Corresponding adjacent tissues were examined by routine histopathology, supplemented with immunohistochemistry when higher pathogen DNA quantities were detected, to assess inflammatory changes. Results: Real-time PCR detected U. urealyticum in 15 out of 103 cases (14.6%, \u00b10.7%), U. parvum in 13 (12.6%, \u00b10.6%), S. agalactiae in 11 (10.7%, \u00b10.5%), the S. haematobium complex in four (3.9%, \u00b10.2%), M. hominis in four (3.9%, \u00b10.2%), confirmed N. gonorrhoeae in two (1.9%, \u00b10.1%) and non-confirmed N. gonorrhoeae in one (1.0%, \u00b10.1%), T. vaginalis in two (1.9%, \u00b10.1%), and C. trachomatis (non-lymphogranuloma venereum serovar) in one (1.0%, \u00b10.1%). Overall, pathogen DNA levels were low, with only four positive PCR results yielding cycle threshold (Ct) values below 30 and none below 25. Histopathological examination revealed no relevant inflammatory changes in any samples. Conclusions: Placental parenchyma tissues with limited membrane sampling testing positive for Schistosoma spp. or sexually transmitted pathogens by molecular methods demonstrated no corresponding histopathological inflammation. These findings warrant confirmatory studies to better characterize potential region-specific placental infection phenotypes and their clinical significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:34:37Z","timestamp":1764581677000},"page":"1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["No Histopathological Evidence of Inflammation Despite Molecular Detection of Schistosoma spp. and Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in Placental Parenchyma Specimens with Limited Membrane Sampling from West African Women with Uncomplicated Pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Theile","family":"Suhren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56072 Koblenz, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Clinics of RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56072 Koblenz, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Clinics of RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6755-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Feldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathurin","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFR Environnement-Sant\u00e9, Laboratoire des Interactions H\u00f4te-Microorganismes-Environnement et Evolution (LIHME), Universit\u00e9 Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa BP 150, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2118-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Blay","family":"Nguah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-385-1973, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Bindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Labor Dr. Heidrich & Kollegen, 22081 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Claussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Asklepios Klinik Altona, 22763 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Tagbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Kumasi, Ho PMB 31, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9430-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Schoppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Science, Hochschule Fresenius, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 22049 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten Alexandra","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Autopsy studies on still births in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital: Pathological findings in still births and their placentae","volume":"16","author":"Tettey","year":"1997","journal-title":"West. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"148","article-title":"Autopsy studies on still births in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. II: Causes of death in 93 still births","volume":"17","author":"Wiredu","year":"1998","journal-title":"West. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01072-10","article-title":"Maternal Schistosomiasis japonica is associated with maternal, placental, and fetal inflammation","volume":"79","author":"Kurtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. 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