{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:53:38Z","timestamp":1787162018239,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have evaluated the association between different blood groups and human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. No similar studies exist in cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of some risk or protective factors, including the AB blood type system phenotypes, in T. gondii infection in cats. Feline sera and surplus EDTA anticoagulated blood samples, for which AB blood group system phenotypes had been determined, were analyzed for T. gondii antibodies (ELISA, cut-off S\/P% \u2265 50% and IFAT, cut-off \u2265 1:64) and DNA (nested and real-time PCR). T. gondii status and the characteristics of signalment (gender, breed, and age), lifestyle (stray, shelter, privately-owned), origin (Northern or Southern Italy), and retroviral infection serostatus of the population were evaluated using the Chi-square test, with calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR) in cases of statistically significant association (p &lt; 0.05). A total of 199 samples were analyzed, of which 178 were phenotype A, 15 were phenotype B, and 6 were phenotype AB. Of these, 57\/199 (28.6%) were positive for T. gondii: 5 were positive at PCR, 33 at ELISA, and 19 at IFAT. Of the 57 positive cats, 52\/57 were phenotype A, 3\/57 phenotype B, and 2\/57 phenotype AB, with no significant association with T. gondii infection. FIV seropositive cats had a higher risk (OR = 3.1, p = 0.0043) of testing T. gondii positive. This study did not find an association between T. gondii infection and the feline blood types investigated; therefore, based on our results, AB blood group system phenotypes do not seem to play a role in Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the role of blood types in disease susceptibility in cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1764594182000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The AB Blood Group System Phenotype Does Not Play a Role in Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Spada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 96900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Tattarletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 96900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Proverbio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 96900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-907X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Perego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 96900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7240-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Baggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 96900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalia","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Arcuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Galluzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Chiarenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4657-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Blanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Grippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"801","article-title":"Blood Groups in Infection and Host Susceptibility","volume":"28","author":"Cooling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-077602","article-title":"The ABO Blood Group System and Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria","volume":"110","author":"Cserti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2017.07.579","article-title":"Impact of the Host on Toxoplasma Stage Differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii: From Animals to Humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma Gondii Tachyzoites, Bradyzoites, and Sporozoites and Biology and Development of Tissue Cysts \u2020","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Foodborne Transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in the Last Decade. An Overview","volume":"135","author":"Almeria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L., and Wall, R. (2016). Veterinary Parasitology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119073680"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7820(01)00112-4","article-title":"Molecular Diversity in the Biosynthesis of GI Tract Glycoconjugates. A Blood Group Related Chart of Microorganism Receptors","volume":"8","author":"Henry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfus. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1313.006","article-title":"Histo-Blood Group Antigens as Allo- and Autoantigens","volume":"1050","author":"Nydegger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"367","article-title":"The Relationship between ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups with Toxoplasmosis in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq","volume":"11","author":"Neamah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Health Risks"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"120","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Antibody Levels in Blood Supply of Shiraz Blood Transfusion Institute, Iran","volume":"9","author":"Shaddel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S419740","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Infection and ABO Blood Group Association Among Pregnant Sudanese Women: A Case Study","volume":"15","author":"Magboul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"500","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Blood Donors","volume":"4","author":"Meymand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"44","article-title":"Association between ABO and Rh Blood Groups and Toxoplasma Gondii Infection: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Ibarra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Micrcobiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000200009","article-title":"Non-Association between Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies and ABO Blood Group System","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Mattos, L.C., Ferreira, A.I.C., de Oliveira, K.Y., Nakashima, F., and Brand\u00e3o, C.C. (2021). The Potential Contribution of ABO, Lewis and Secretor Histo-Blood Group Carbohydrates in Infection by Toxoplasma Gondii. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.671958"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad085","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Infection and ABO Blood Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"118","author":"Nayeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049","article-title":"Environmental Transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii: Oocysts in Water, Soil and Food","volume":"12","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(10)60001-0","article-title":"Transmission of Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) by Foods","volume":"60","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.1981.tb01561.x","article-title":"The AB Blood Group System of Cats","volume":"12","author":"Auer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.9.2485.2485","article-title":"N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid and N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Define Feline Blood Group A and B Antigens","volume":"79","author":"Andrews","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.1985.tb01456.x","article-title":"The Occurence of the Feline A Blood Group Antigen on Lymphocytes","volume":"16","author":"Symons","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golinelli, D., Boetto, E., Maietti, E., and Fantini, M.P. (2020). The Association between ABO Blood Group and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.17.20155986"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn093","article-title":"Inhibition of the Interaction between the SARS-CoV Spike Protein and Its Cellular Receptor by Anti-Histo-Blood Group Antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Guillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breiman, A., Ruve n-Clouet, N., and Pendu, J.L.E. (2020). Harnessing the Natural Anti-Glycan Immune Response to Limit the Transmission of Enveloped Viruses Such as SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008556"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"28","article-title":"Genetic Regulation of the Expression of ABH and Lewis Antigens in Tissues","volume":"27","author":"Oriol","year":"1992","journal-title":"APMIS Suppl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(93)90088-L","article-title":"Alloantibodies against A and B Blood Types in Cats","volume":"38","author":"Giger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spada, E., Bruno, F., Castelli, G., Vitale, F., Reale, S., Biondi, V., Migliazzo, A., Perego, R., Baggiani, L., and Proverbio, D. (2022). Do Blood Phenotypes of Feline AB Blood Group System Affect the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Serostatus in Cats?. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122691"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X21993657","article-title":"2021 AAHA\/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Quimby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spada, E., Perego, R., Baggiani, L., and Proverbio, D. (2020). Comparison of Conventional Tube and Gel-Based Agglutination Tests for AB System Blood Typing in Cat. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00312"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1787-1792.1989","article-title":"Direct and Sensitive Detection of a Pathogenic Protozoan, Toxoplasma Gondii, by Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"27","author":"Grover","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01332.x","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Targeting a 529-Bp Repeat Element for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis","volume":"12","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17471","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705390104","article-title":"Blood Group O Protects against Severe Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria through the Mechanism of Reduced Rosetting","volume":"104","author":"Rowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-261859","article-title":"The Relationship between Blood Groups and Disease","volume":"115","author":"Anstee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m, K., Le Gall-Recul\u00e9, G., Grassi, P., Abrantes, J., Ruvo\u00ebn-Clouet, N., Le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Lopes, A.M., Esteves, P.J., Strive, T., and Marchandeau, S. (2011). Histo-Blood Group Antigens Act as Attachment Factors of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Infection in a Virus Strain-Dependent Manner. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002188"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn098","article-title":"Association between Expression of the H Histo-Blood Group Antigen, A1,2fucosyltransferases Polymorphism of Wild Rabbits, and Sensitivity to Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus","volume":"19","author":"Guillon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2282","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2282","article-title":"Evaluating the Association between Blood Genotype or Phenotype and Haemoplasma Infection in UK and Italian Cats","volume":"192","author":"Spada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb03176.x","article-title":"Effect of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Toxoplasma Gondii-specific Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Responses of Cats with Serologic Evidence of Toxoplasmosis","volume":"7","author":"Lappin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Predisposes Cats to Acute Generalized Toxoplasmosis","volume":"143","author":"Davidson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11508.x","article-title":"Acute Toxoplasmosis in Two Cats on Cyclosporin Therapy","volume":"81","author":"Beatty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"100542","article-title":"Systemic Toxoplasmosis in a Cat under Cyclosporine Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Salant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb02798.x","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Bartonella Henselae, Toxoplasma Gondii, FIV and FeLV Infections in Domestic Cats in Japan","volume":"47","author":"Maruyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1809","article-title":"Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Cats in Estonia","volume":"15","author":"Must","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"193","article-title":"Serological Survey of Toxoplasma Gondii Infections in Stray Cats from Italy","volume":"157","author":"Papini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.011","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey of Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Jerusalem Cats","volume":"124","author":"Salant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.015","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma Gondii and Intestinal Parasites in Stray, Farm and Household Cats in Spain","volume":"126","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.874","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Clinically Ill Cats in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Vollaire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"100733","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii and Associated Risk Factors in Cats from Lima, Peru","volume":"31","author":"Gonzales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109145","article-title":"All about Toxoplasmosis in Cats: The Last Decade","volume":"283","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712461787","article-title":"Feline Toxoplasmosis in Finland: Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study and Case Series Study","volume":"24","author":"Jokelainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3954-1","article-title":"The Global Serological Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in Felids during the Last Five Decades (1967\u20132017): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Montazeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.010","article-title":"Transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii in an Urban Population of Domestic Cats (Felis catus)","volume":"36","author":"Afonso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12437352","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Leukaemia Virus and Toxoplasma Gondii in Stray Cat Colonies in Northern Italy and Correlation with Clinical and Laboratory Data","volume":"14","author":"Spada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.09.001","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Survey of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Colony Cats from Urban Florence (Italy)","volume":"12","author":"Mancianti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis and Typing of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"977","article-title":"Seroreactivity to and Avidity for Recombinant Antigens in Toxoplasmosis","volume":"12","author":"Pfrepper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-190","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies, Circulating Antigens and DNA in Stray Cats in Shanghai, China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, M.d.l.L., Charles-Ni\u00f1o, C., Pedroza-Rold\u00e1n, C., Salazar-Reveles, C., Ocampo-Figueroa, K.L., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, L.R., and Paez-Magall\u00e1n, V.M. (2022). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010109"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.3.199","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in Stray Cats of Gyeonggi-Do, Korea","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"598","article-title":"Evaluation of Duffy Blood Group System as a Risk Factor for Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"62","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104430","article-title":"Duffy Blood Group System and Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"85","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02962.x","article-title":"A Newly Recognized Blood Group in Domestic Shorthair Cats: The Mik Red Cell Antigen","volume":"21","author":"Weinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16010","article-title":"Identification of 5 Novel Feline Erythrocyte Antigens Based on the Presence of Naturally Occurring Alloantibodies","volume":"35","author":"Binvel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:19:08Z","timestamp":1764595148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14121227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14121227","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}