{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:25:06Z","timestamp":1791584706648,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongqing public health medical center research initiation fund","award":["KYLW202321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLW202321"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technological Innovation and Application Special Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0180"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing AIDS Medical Research Center Construction Program"},{"name":"Chongqing Disease Prevention and Public Health Research Center Construction Program and the first batch of Key Disciplines on Public Health in Chongqing"},{"name":"Chongqing Medical Scientific Research Project\u2014a joint project of the Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau","award":["2024QNXM050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QNXM050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of HIV infection, PSGL-1 expression and impact on CD4+ T cells remain largely unexplored. Thus, to address these critical gaps in knowledge, blood was sampled from HIV-negative controls and both ART-treated and ART-na\u00efve individuals and stratified according to CD4+ T cell counts. PSGL-1 expression on CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cell\u2013platelet aggregates, along with PD-1, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3, were assessed with flow cytometry. Levels of IL-12, IFN-\u03b3, LPS, and \u03b2-glucan were determined with ELISA. Spearman\u2019s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between PSGL-1 expression on CD4+ T cell counts and markers of inflammation\/translocation. PSGL-1 was significantly overexpressed in ART-treated individuals (p &lt; 0.0001) and exhibited markedly lower expression in ART-na\u00efve individuals (p \u2264 0.01), consistent with a suppressive influence of HIV VL prior to ART initiation and a proinflammatory environment promoting PSGL-1 overexpression during ART. In both groups, individuals with CD4+ T cells &lt; 200 cells\/\u00b5L exhibited elevated levels of PSGL-1 (p &lt; 0.05) and increased CD4+ T cell\u2013platelet aggregates (p &lt; 0.05). In ART-treated individuals only, PSGL-1 expression positively correlated with IFN-\u03b3 (r = 0.318, p = 0.021), IL-12 (r = 0.498, p &lt; 0.001), LPS (r = 0.382, p = 0.005), and \u03b2-glucan (r = 0.318, p = 0.021), reinforcing the link between inflammatory activation and PSGL-1 overexpression. In this group, those with CD4+ T cells &lt; 200 cells\/\u00b5L had higher Caspase-3 and PD-1 (p &lt; 0.0001) and lower Bcl-2 (p \u2264 0.01). No significant differences in these markers were found across CD4+ strata in ART-na\u00efve individuals. PSGL-1 expression is influenced by ART and immune status. PSGL-1 signaling drives CD4+ T cell phenotypic changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand (PSGL)-1 Expression on CD4+ T Cells in Patients with HIV: Insights from an Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6784-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvere D.","family":"Zaongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengquan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Harypursat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaokai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 09 Baoyu Road, Geleshan Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2017-0078","article-title":"Targeting the PSGL-1 pathway for immune modulation","volume":"9","author":"Tinoco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-118760","article-title":"Surprising up-regulation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in endotoxin-induced uveitis","volume":"23","author":"Almulki","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00138-0","article-title":"Insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte tethering and rolling revealed by structures of P- and E-selectin bound to SLe(X) and PSGL-1","volume":"103","author":"Somers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3215","article-title":"Recruitment of IFN-gamma-producing (Th1-like) cells into the inflamed retina in vivo is preferentially regulated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1:P\/E-selectin interactions","volume":"172","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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