{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T11:03:09Z","timestamp":1764759789254,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science","award":["RID\/SP\/0045\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0045\/2024\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring the occurrence of Borreliaceae spirochetes in ticks may provide an indication of the risks of acquiring Lyme borreliosis (LB) and Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD). All ticks obtained in our study from humans in the years 2018\u20132022 (n = 1232) were identified morphologically for species, sex and developmental stage. The detection of Borreliaceae spirochetes and species identification were performed by nested PCR based on the flaB gene fragment and the region between the mag and trnI genes. Two species of ticks were identified: Ixodes ricinus (96.9%) and Dermacentor reticulatus (3.1%). The infection of I. ricinus ticks with Borreliaceae spirochetes was found to reach 18.3%, including B. miyamotoi (2.5%). Among Borreliella species, Bl. afzelii was the most frequent, followed by Bl. burgdorferi, Bl. spielmanii, Bl. valaisiana, Bl. garinii, Bl. bissettiae, Bl. californiensis and Bl. carolinensis. Borreliaceae spirochetes were also found in D. reticulatus ticks, of which Bl. afzelii and B. miyamotoi were the most common. In conclusion, ticks affecting humans in Poland represent a real risk of infection with Borreliaceae spirochetes, and knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of these bacteria is an important tool in assessing the risks of LB and BMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Borreliaceae Spirochetes in Ticks Removed from Humans in Poland During 2018\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1396-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Wodecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomics, Biology Institute, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4428-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyna","family":"Kolomiiets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomics, Biology Institute, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-384 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0070","article-title":"Incidence of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe: A Systematic Review (2005\u20132020)","volume":"23","author":"Burn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene (2025, April 01). Epidemiological Reports, Available online: https:\/\/www.pzh.gov.pl\/serwisy-tematyczne\/meldunki-epidemiologiczne\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-014-0164-x","article-title":"A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: The emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)","volume":"105","author":"Adeolu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antonie Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arahal, D.R., Bull, C.T., Busse, H., Christensen, H., Chuvochina, M., Dedysh, S.N., Fournier, P., Konstantinidis, K.T., Parker, C.T., and Rossello-Mora, R. (2022). Judicial Opinions 123\u2013127. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 72, [N.B.: The request of Margos et al. (2020) to place the genus name \u2018Borreliella\u2019 and the names of all of its species on the list of nomina rejicienda is denied.].","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005708"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socarras, K.M., Marino, M.C., Earl, J.P., Ehrlich, R.L., Cramer, N.A., Mell, J.C., Sen, B., Ahmed, A., Marconi, R.T., and Ehrlich, G.D. (2025). Characterization of the family-level Borreliaceae pan-genome and development of an episomal typing protocol. mBio, 16.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00943-25"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102536","article-title":"Proposing a subgenus Borreliella","volume":"16","author":"Margos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02834.x","article-title":"Birds as reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Western Europe: Circulation of B. turdi and other genospecies in bird-tick cycles in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Norte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux047","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis\u2013from tick bite to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Stanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wodecka, B., and Kolomiiets, V. (2023). Genetic Diversity of Borreliaceae Species Detected in Natural Populations of Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Northern Poland. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040972"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergamo, S., Trevisan, G., Ruscio, M., and Bonin, S. (2025). Borrelial Diseases Across Eurasia. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14101357"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fesler, M.C., Shah, J.S., Middelveen, M.J., Du Cruz, I., Burrascano, J.J., and Stricker, R.B. (2020). Lyme Disease: Diversity of Borrelia species in California and Mexico detected using a novel immunoblot assay. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8020097"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wodecka, B., Michalik, J., and Grochowalska, R. (2022). Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Are Exposed to High Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Species Infecting Fox-Derived Ixodes Ticks in West-Central Poland. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1481567\/v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000213068","article-title":"Life cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmission to humans","volume":"37","author":"Gern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00609-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00609-17","article-title":"Europe-wide meta-analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"83","author":"Strnad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12913","article-title":"Questing Ixodes ricinus ticks and Borrelia spp. in urban green space across Europe: A review","volume":"69","author":"Hansford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.191501","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection, Austria","volume":"26","author":"Tobudic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, T., Gotoh, Y., Hayashi, T., Kawabata, H., and Takano, A. (2025). Antigenic variation is caused by long plasmid segment conversion in a hard tick-borne relapsing fever Borrelia miyamotoi. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013514"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubiak, K., Szczotko, M., and Dmitryjuk, M. (2021). Borrelia miyamotoi\u2014An Emerging Human Tick-Borne Pathogen in Europe. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010154"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106326","article-title":"Exposure, infection and disease with the tick-borne pathogen Borrelia miyamotoi in the Netherlands and Sweden, 2007\u20132019","volume":"89","author":"Hoornstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0066","article-title":"Prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from western France","volume":"10","author":"Bonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2423-y","article-title":"Pathogen communities of songbird-derived ticks in Europe\u2019s low countries","volume":"10","author":"Heylen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"49","article-title":"First metagenomic report of Borrelia americana and Borrelia carolinensis in Poland\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"28","author":"Dunaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12767","article-title":"Enhanced threat of tick-borne infections within cities? Assessing public health risks due to ticks in urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland","volume":"67","author":"Sormunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12659","article-title":"Seasonality and anatomical location of human tick bites in the United Kingdom","volume":"67","author":"Cull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.07.001","article-title":"Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilhelmsson, P., Lindblom, P., Fryland, L., Ernerudh, J., Forsberg, P., and Lindgren, P.E. (2013). Prevalence, diversity, and load of Borrelia species in ticks that have fed on humans in regions of Sweden and \u00c5land Islands, Finland with different Lyme borreliosis incidences. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081433"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.04.007","article-title":"Real-time PCR based identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in ticks collected from humans in Romania","volume":"5","author":"Briciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.05.003","article-title":"Lyme borreliae prevalence and genospecies distribution in ticks removed from humans","volume":"8","author":"Waindok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5848-0","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens in tick species infesting humans in Sibiu County, central Romania","volume":"117","author":"Andersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101363","article-title":"Borrelia prevalence and species distribution in ticks removed from humans in Germany, 2013\u20132017","volume":"11","author":"Springer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101609","article-title":"Humans infested with Ixodes ricinus are exposed to a diverse array of tick-borne pathogens in Serbia","volume":"12","author":"Banovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203366","article-title":"Infections with Tickborne Pathogens after Tick Bite, Austria, 2015\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"Markowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221572","article-title":"Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans During 2014\u20132021, France","volume":"29","author":"Jumpertz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06427-x","article-title":"The prevalence of pathogens in ticks collected from humans in Belgium, 2021, versus 2017","volume":"17","author":"Philippe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3806-z","article-title":"Prevalence of pathogens in ticks collected from humans through citizen science in Belgium","volume":"12","author":"Lernout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04849-5","article-title":"Long-term study of Borrelia and Babesia prevalence and co-infection in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor recticulatus ticks removed from humans in Poland, 2016\u20132019","volume":"14","author":"Bednarska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochowska, A., Dunaj-Ma\u0142yszko, J., Pancewicz, S., Czupryna, P., Milewski, R., Majewski, P., and Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. (2022). Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Questing Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus Ticks Collected from Recreational Areas in Northeastern Poland with Analysis of Environmental Factors. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040468"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubiak, K., Szyma\u0144ska, H., Dmitryjuk, M., and Dzika, E. (2022). Abundance of Ixodes ricinus Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Diversity of Borrelia Species in Northeastern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127378"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-024-00932-5","article-title":"Ticks and spirochetes of the genus Borrelia in urban areas of Central-Western Poland","volume":"93","author":"Ciebiera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101300","article-title":"Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with cave-dwelling bats from Poland and Romania","volume":"11","author":"Michalik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalski, M.M., Kubiak, K., Szczotko, M., Chaj\u0119cka, M., and Dmitryjuk, M. (2020). Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from dogs in urban areas of North-Eastern Poland. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060455"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalski, M.M., Kubiak, K., Szczotko, M., and Dmitryjuk, M. (2021). Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Wild Ungulates in North-Eastern Poland. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050587"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-024-00927-2","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens in Ixodes ricinus collected from lizards Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara in urban areas of Wroc\u0142aw, SW Poland-preliminary study","volume":"93","author":"Dyczko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulisz, J., Zaj\u0105c, Z., Foucault-Simonin, A., Wo\u017aniak, A., Filipiuk, M., Kloskowski, J., Rudolf, R., Corduneanu, A., Bartosik, K., and Moutailler, S. (2024). Wide spectrum of tick-borne pathogens in juvenile Ixodes ricinus collected from autumn-migrating birds in the Vistula River Valley, Poland. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04415-y"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolomiiets, V., and Wodecka, B. (2024). Molecular Identification of Borreliella Species in Ixodes hexagonus Ticks Infesting Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus and E. roumanicus) in North-Western Poland. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010058"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Siuda, K. (1993). Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of Poland. Part II: Taxonomy and Distribution, Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7088","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05437-11","article-title":"FlaB gene as a molecular marker for distinct identification of Borrelia species in environmental samples by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method","volume":"77","author":"Wodecka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.008","article-title":"Differential associations of Borrelia species with European badgers (Meles meles) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in western Poland","volume":"7","author":"Wodecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07445-3","article-title":"The evolving story of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission in Europe","volume":"121","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06880-2","article-title":"Retrospective molecular analyses of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from patients admitted to the Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Central Europe, Hungary (1999\u20132021), in relation to clinical symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Hornok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koczwarska, J., Polaczyk, J., Wieczorek, W., Zdzienicka, O., \u017b\u00f3ra\u0144ska, J., Pawe\u0142czyk, A., and Welc-Fal\u0119ciak, R. (2025). Coexistence of Borrelia spp. with different tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from humans in Poland. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05885-2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0160-8","article-title":"Spread of Dermacentor reticulatus is associated with the loss of forest area","volume":"72","author":"Mierzejewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105c, Z., Obregon, D., Foucault-Simonin, A., Wu-Chuang, A., Moutailler, S., Galon, C., Kulisz, J., Wo\u017aniak, A., Bartosik, K., and Cabezas-Cruz, A. (2023). Disparate dynamics of pathogen prevalence in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks occurring sympatrically in diverse habitats. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37748-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalm\u00e1r, Z., Dumitrache, M.O., D\u2019Amico, G., Matei, I.A., Ionic\u0103, A.M., Gherman, C.M., Lup\u0219e, M., and Mihalca, A.D. (2020). Multiple tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from humans in Romania. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050390"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0668","article-title":"Absence of Lyme disease spirochetes in larval Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"12","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.07.006","article-title":"Transmission of the relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia miyamotoi, by single transovarially-infected larval Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"9","author":"Breuner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moro, L., Da Rold, G., Beltrame, A., Formenti, F., Mazzi, C., Ragusa, A., Scarso, S., Drigo, I., Degani, M., and Piubelli, C. (2025). Surveillance of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks from Humans in the Province of Verona, Italy (2018\u20132022): A Prospective Study. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13050965"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rus\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1 Tarage\u013eov\u00e1, V., Derd\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Selyemov\u00e1, D., Chvost\u00e1\u010d, M., Mangov\u00e1, B., Didyk, Y.M., Ko\u010di, J., Kolen\u010d\u00edk, S., V\u00edchov\u00e1, B., and Petko, B. (2024). Two decades of research on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovakia. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1496925"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coipan, E.C., Jahfari, S., Fonville, M., Maassen, C.B., van der Giessen, J., Takken, W., Takumi, K., and Sprong, H. (2013). Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00036"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2016.03.001","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi: A human tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete in Europe and its potential impact on public health","volume":"61","author":"Zajkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vikentjeva, M., Geller, J., and Bragina, O. (2024). Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Popular Recreational Areas in Tallinn, Estonia: The Underestimated Risk of Tick-Borne Diseases. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091918"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101865","article-title":"Investigation on haplotypes of ixodid ticks and retrospective finding of Borrelia miyamotoi in bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in Switzerland","volume":"13","author":"Hornok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102143","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi in wild rodents from four different regions of Turkey","volume":"14","author":"Yeni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102453","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in feeding and questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Southern Sweden","volume":"16","author":"Cialini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.11.007","article-title":"Are Apodemus spp. mice and Myodes glareolus reservoirs for Borrelia miyamotoi, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia helvetica, R. monacensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum?","volume":"5","author":"Burri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02158-13","article-title":"Species co-occurrence patterns among Lyme borreliosis pathogens in the tick vector Ixodes ricinus","volume":"79","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102074","article-title":"15-year Borrelia prevalence and species distribution monitoring in Ixodes ricinus\/inopinatus populations in the city of Hanover, Germany","volume":"14","author":"Glass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-022-02046-7","article-title":"Bacteria and protozoa with pathogenic potential in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Viennese recreational areas","volume":"135","author":"Stelzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxha, I., Dervovic, J., Ruivo, M., Wijnveld, M., Obwaller, A.G., J\u00e4ger, B., Weiler, M., Walochnik, J., Kniha, E., and Alic, A. (2025). Molecular Typing of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodids of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051054"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.007","article-title":"Screening for multiple tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks from birds in Denmark during spring and autumn migration seasons","volume":"10","author":"Klitgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ujanov\u00e1, A., Cu\u017eiov\u00e1, Z., and V\u00e1clav, R. (2023). The Infection Rate of Bird-Feeding Ixodes ricinus Ticks with Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana Varies with Host Haemosporidian Infection Status. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010060"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:58:23Z","timestamp":1764759503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14121234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14121234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}