{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:24:21Z","timestamp":1765344261851,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017581","name":"University of Rwanda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RWA2100111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWA2100111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus\u00a0faecium, Staphylococcus\u00a0aureus, Klebsiella\u00a0pneumoniae, Acinetobacter\u00a0baumannii, Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa, and Enterobacter\u00a0cloacae) cause most hospital-acquired infections. Local data on their resistance profiles remain limited in low-income settings. This study assessed the prevalence and resistance patterns of ESKAPE pathogens isolated from clinical specimens at Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to January 2023. ESKAPE isolates were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the BD Phoenix M50 System. Data on sample type, ward, and demographics were analyzed. Of 744 bacterial findings, 207 (30%) were ESKAPE isolates. After excluding duplicates and non-recovered isolates, 156 were identified as ESKAPE. K.\u00a0pneumoniae was most common (41%), followed by S.\u00a0aureus (27%), A.\u00a0baumannii (13%), P.\u00a0aeruginosa (11%), and E.\u00a0cloacae (8%); no E.\u00a0faecium was detected. Among Gram-negatives, 63% were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and 32% to carbapenems, with A.\u00a0baumannii showing highest resistance (85% and 75%). Methicillin-Resistance in Staphylococcus\u00a0aureus (MRSA) was 7%. This first hospital-based study in Rwanda shows high cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance, highlighting the need to strengthen diagnostics and stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1765182103000},"page":"1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens at a Rwandan Tertiary Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Muhinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kigali P.O. Box 3377, Rwanda"},{"name":"Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus-KG 11 Ave. 47, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5513-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gad","family":"Murenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Einstein Rwanda Research and Capacity Building Program, Kigali 00250, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Al-Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Seruyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kigali P.O. Box 3377, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus-KG 11 Ave. 47, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Gylfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research, Ume\u00e5 University, SE90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, October 12). 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Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040398"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:19:53Z","timestamp":1765343993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/12\/1253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14121253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14121253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}