{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1781320157072,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Transition Fund"},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch-Multistate project","award":["1021491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1021491"]}]},{"name":"USDA ARS Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreements","award":["58-8064-8-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-8064-8-011"]}]},{"name":"USDA ARS Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreements","award":["58-8064-9-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-8064-9-007"]}]},{"name":"USDA ARS Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreements","award":["58-3020-9-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-3020-9-020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#25-6226-0633-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#25-6226-0633-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000180","name":"Department of Homeland Security","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["70RSAT19CB0000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70RSAT19CB0000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing concern in food animal production. In swine herds, viral infections often lead to secondary bacterial disease and higher antimicrobial use (AMU). This study describes how U.S. swine veterinarians view the role of viral vaccines in reducing this reliance on antimicrobials. We conducted a national survey of swine practitioners and follow-up semi-structured interviews with a subset of respondents. Across participants, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), swine influenza (SIV), and rotaviral enteritis were most often named as viral diseases in urgent need of improved vaccines. These diseases cause substantial economic losses and frequently trigger AMU in commercial herds. Veterinarians reported several recurring challenges with current vaccines, including limited cross-protection against field strains, interference from maternally derived antibodies, and short duration of protection. Despite these limitations, most respondents supported vaccination as a key tool to curb AMU and indicated they would accept higher prices for clearly improved products. These findings reveal both a clear need and specific opportunities for future vaccine development to provide broader and more reliable protection, reduce AMU, and help slow the development of AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1765284163000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Viral Vaccines as an Alternative to Antimicrobials: A Perspective from Swine Veterinarians on Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danqin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xirui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Apley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Locke","family":"Karriker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Bromfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Lubbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Kittana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Pendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6809-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Madera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Shenkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7951-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jishu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 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