{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1781789499864,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Germany Ministry of Health","award":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZM I5-2520GHP703"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI1136035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI1136035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is a zoonotic pathogen with significant public and veterinary significance. Whilst livestock are considered as primary reservoirs of the pathogen, ticks play a crucial role in transmission and environmental contamination. Within Namibia, there is serological evidence of pathogen circulation in livestock and wildlife. However, no study has ever been conducted to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii in ticks in Namibia. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of C. burnetii in ticks collected from two different ecological settings. A total of 502 ticks (Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Hyalomma) collected from 278 cattle (139 from each of the tropical Zambezi and arid Khomas regions) were screened for C. burnetii using PCR targeting the genus-specific 16S rRNA and the species-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd) genes. Based on the isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd) genes, an overall prevalence of 8% (40\/502) was observed for C. burnetii, with significantly higher infection rates observed in the more tropical Zambezi region (11.7%) when compared to the more arid Khomas region (2.8%) [p = 0.0005]. Variation was observed amongst tick species [p = 0.00121], with prevalence being slightly higher in Amblyomma ticks (12.9%) and Hyalomma (10.6%) as compared to Rhipicephalus ticks (3.6%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the icd gene sequences confirmed 99\u2013100% identity with C. burnetii strains from around the world, thus confirming the circulation of this pathogen in ticks, ultimately supporting their potential role in the epidemiology of this pathogen in Namibia. The observed regional prevalence difference could be driven by variation in the ecological factors, with the subtropical climatic conditions of Zambezi likely favoring higher tick infection rates. Our findings highlight the need for One Health\u2013based surveillance to mitigate the risks associated with pathogen risk. This study provides the first molecular evidence of C. burnetii in ticks in Namibia, highlighting their role in the pathogen\u2019s epidemiology and providing relevant information for informed control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:20:57Z","timestamp":1765369257000},"page":"1262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Ticks from Namibia: A Regional and Genus-Specific Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pricilla","family":"Mbiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samora Machel School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enos","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaster","family":"Samkange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ophelia Chuma","family":"Matomola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vonai","family":"Charamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Agribusiness and Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urban","family":"Ujava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6880-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elfriede Esmerelda","family":"Hoebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Chitate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foibe Waalukeni Tuyenikelao","family":"Neshindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek 9000, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kapapero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek 9000, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nepolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Pazvakawambwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Chitanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 999077, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. 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