{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:53:57Z","timestamp":1789379637299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among commensal Escherichia coli from poultry is a growing concern for food safety and public health. This study investigated AMR patterns in E. coli isolated from broiler neck skin at slaughter, comparing organic, antibiotic-free (ATB-free), and conventional production systems. A total of 375 samples were collected from two Italian slaughterhouses and tested by broth microdilution following EU protocols. E. coli was recovered from 358 samples, and 37.9% were presumptively positive for ESBL\/AmpC-producing strains. Conventional broilers showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (73.8%), sulfonamides (72.5%), and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid, 62.5%; ciprofloxacin, 67.5%), while organic and ATB-free systems showed significantly lower levels. Intermediate resistance occurred for trimethoprim (21.4\u201347.9%) and tetracycline (36\u201354%), and low prevalence (&lt;10%) was found for gentamicin, tigecycline, and third-generation cephalosporins. No relevant resistance was detected to colistin or carbapenems (\u22641.2%). Total E. coli counts did not differ among systems, suggesting differences in resistant strain proportions rather than bacterial load. ATB-free flocks processed after conventional batches displayed higher resistance, indicating possible cross-contamination during slaughter. These results highlight the influence of farming practices and slaughterhouse hygiene on AMR dissemination, underscoring the need for integrated farm-to-slaughter control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:20:57Z","timestamp":1765369257000},"page":"1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli on Neck Skin in Slaughtered Broilers Raised on Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5153-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Dilio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell\u2019Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5273-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Tofani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana \u201cM. Aleandri\u201d, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Albini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serenella","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Ciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Massacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2092-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Pesciaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Della Toscana \u201cM. Aleandri\u201d, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pezzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Francesca","family":"Magistrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell\u2019Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell\u2019Umbria e Delle Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, September 22). EMRO\u2014Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/health-topics\/drug-resistance\/global-action-plan.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019). 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