{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1765603410930,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham, UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BB\/W009501\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W009501\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) pose a significant threat to canine health in Nigeria. Despite this, there is little data on the molecular identification of ticks and TBPs of dogs in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence of ticks and TBPs in Nigerian dogs, along with associated risk factors. A total of 259 dogs were enrolled in the study, from which 112 adult ticks were collected. Of these, 40 were characterized by molecular barcoding confirming Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R. sanguineus, 35\/40) and Haemphysalis leachi (H. leachi, 5\/40) infestations. Nucleotide sequences showed high percentage similarity to R. sanguineus tropical lineage and H. leachi sequences from Chad. Point-of-care (POC) testing of 259 dogs detected antibodies to TBPs in 40.9% of blood samples, with Ehrlichia (29.7%), Anaplasma (10.8%), and Dirofilaria (0.4%) species identified. PCR assays revealed a prevalence of 58.7% for TBPs, including Ehrlichia (40.5%) and Babesia (17.4%), with 7.3% co-infected. Risk factor analysis showed that adult dogs and those infested with ticks had a higher likelihood of TBP seropositivity. Exotic breeds and dogs examined during the rainy season were more likely to test positive for TBPs via PCR. Overall, this study demonstrates the high prevalence of diverse TBPs in Nigerian dogs and suggests that dog breed may play a role in susceptibility to diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1765451847000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine Ticks, Tick-Borne Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ternenge Thaddaeus","family":"Apaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi P.M.B 2373, Benue State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip Oladele","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi P.M.B 2373, Benue State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix Kundu","family":"Shima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.M.B 001, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gberindyer Aondover","family":"Fidelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi P.M.B 2373, Benue State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City P.M.B 1154, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Tarlinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus in dogs from Saxony, Germany","volume":"128","author":"Balling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Berl. 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