{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:38Z","timestamp":1787029298353,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","award":["#G015016N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#G015016N"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program"},{"name":"SRP63"},{"name":"the FWO, Kom op Tegen Kanker, Stichting tegen kanker, and Vrije Universiteit Brussel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the first week of T. b. brucei infection, pro-inflammatory IFN-\u03b3 production drives acute anaemia by promoting red blood cell clearance by activated macrophages in concert with insufficient bone marrow compensation. The latter is followed by a partial recovery phase, which later progresses to chronic anaemia. To compensate for acute anaemia, stress-induced extramedullary erythropoiesis occurs in the spleen. However, the role of IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine in regulating stress-induced acute anaemia during African trypanosomosis (AT), remains unclear. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that IL-10 is essential to limit acute anaemia by dampening inflammation and promoting splenic erythropoiesis, enabling recovery. More specifically, IL-10 blockade impairs erythropoiesis in both bone marrow and spleen, particularly at early erythroid differentiation stages, and associates with reduced central macrophage (CM) numbers in the bone marrow. In contrast, the co-inhibition of IL-10 and IFN-\u03b3 reduces inflammation and partially restores splenic CM numbers and erythropoiesis, highlighting IFN-\u03b3\u2019s suppressive role in erythropoiesis. Overall, these findings underscore IL-10\u2019s key role in regulating stress-induced erythropoiesis during AT by modulating erythroid differentiation and CM abundance, thereby limiting immune-mediated acute anaemia. Consequently, timely adjustment of the IL-10\/IFN-\u03b3 balance may enhance erythropoiesis and offer a potential therapeutic strategy to mitigate anaemia development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:30:17Z","timestamp":1765528217000},"page":"1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IL-10 Plays a Critical Role in Mitigating Acute Anaemia Development During African Trypanosome Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maida","family":"\u017divalj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"St. Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liudmyla","family":"Maksymova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fara","family":"Berghmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JJP Biologics, 00-728 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo A.","family":"Van Ginderachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3899-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"De Trez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30612-7","article-title":"New WHO guidelines for treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis including fexinidazole: Substantial changes for clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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