{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T05:32:56Z","timestamp":1766122376427,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade\/Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade","award":["MS\/SVS\u2013TC 318\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS\/SVS\u2013TC 318\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CNPQ\u2013Proc. 475142\/2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPQ\u2013Proc. 475142\/2013-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People who use crack cocaine (PWUCC) constitute a key population due to vulnerability and marginalization, especially in a socio-ecologically diverse, relatively isolated region with limited public health infrastructure. This study aimed to perform a genetic characterization of circulating HCV among PWUCC in the municipality of Bragan\u00e7a, situated on the Brazilian Amazon coast, identifying viral genotypes, subtypes, resistance-associated substitutions (RAS)\u2014naturally occurring mutations in the viral genome that can reduce the efficacy of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents\u2014and predictions of phenotypic resistance. Methods: Between 2016 and 2018, biological samples and epidemiological data were obtained from 165 PWUCC. Viral detection was performed using RT-PCR, while genotyping, subtyping, and RAS profiling were conducted through nucleotide sequencing and fragment analysis. Results: In 165 PWUCC, 22 (13.3%) tested positive for HCV RNA. Most of them had not had access to public health services (91.5%), and more than half (57.0%) reported living in unstable housing conditions. HCV subtypes 1a (27.3%), 1b (40.9%), and 3a (31.8%) were detected. Evidence of resistance associated with DAAs, such as daclatasvir and dasabuvir, was detected in five PWUCC with HCV (22.7%). Conclusions: The high prevalence of HCV infection, predominantly subtype 1b, and significant levels of resistance are very concerning. This demonstrates the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to expand access to testing, treatment, and effective antiviral therapy in this vulnerable population of the Brazilian Amazon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T09:43:46Z","timestamp":1765964626000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Among People Who Use Crack Cocaine: A Study Conducted on the Brazilian Amazon Coast"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Alphonse A.","family":"Heymbeeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resid\u00eancia Multiprofissional de Sa\u00fade da Mulher e da Crian\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilker Leite","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resid\u00eancia Multiprofissional de Sa\u00fade da Mulher e da Crian\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina Cristina S.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"de Sousa Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franciane Ferreira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocilena Pamela Q.","family":"de Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afya Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa Caricio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resid\u00eancia Multiprofissional de Sa\u00fade da Mulher e da Crian\u00e7a, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando A.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada"},{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON L9M 1G3, Canada"},{"name":"Research & Graduate Studies, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Grafton Campus, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04017-030, SP, 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Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.6","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"3","author":"Manns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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