{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:32:33Z","timestamp":1788571953990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005669","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Para\u00edba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Edital N\u00b0 19\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edital N\u00b0 19\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Edital N\u00ba 10\/2023, process 403407\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edital N\u00ba 10\/2023, process 403407\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Edital N\u00ba 18\/2024, process 309180\/2025-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edital N\u00ba 18\/2024, process 309180\/2025-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle tick fever (CTF), caused by Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, remains a sanitary and economic challenge for cattle farming in Brazil. Thus, this study evaluated the prevalence, regional distribution, co-infection patterns, and risk factors associated with CTF causative agents in cattle the semi-arid region of Para\u00edba, the semi-arid region of Cear\u00e1, and the Tropical Humid region of Para\u00edba, Northeast Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 336 cattle, from 60 farms, and analyzed by means of conventional PCR and nested-PCR, while epidemiological data were obtained through questionnaires applied to producers. The overall infection prevalence by at least one pathogen was 82.7% (278\/336), with higher rates in the tropical humid region of Para\u00edba at 94.8% (109\/115), followed by the semi-arid region of Cear\u00e1, with 88.1% (89\/101) and the semi-arid region of Para\u00edba with 66.6% (80\/120). Co-infections were frequent, especially the association between A. marginale and B. bigemina, detected in 23.2% (78\/336) of the animals, while triple infections occurred in 15.8% (53\/336) and were most frequent in the semi-arid region of Cear\u00e1 at 21.8% (22\/101). The semi-arid region of Para\u00edba had the fewest entirely positive properties (7\/20) and the highest number of entirely negative properties (2\/20). The tropical humid region of Para\u00edba had the highest number of entirely positive properties (17\/21), with no properties entirely free of CTF agents. Multivariate analysis identified the presence of horn fly (OR = 7.23; CI 3.05\u201318.86; 95% CI), needle reuse (OR = 5.8; CI: 2.62\u201313.90; 95% CI), animal purchase and introduction without quarantine (OR = 5.4; CI: 2.17\u201314.93; 95% CI), and pasture sharing (OR = 3.21; CI: 1.08\u201311.25; 95% CI) as risk factors, while beef herds showed lower susceptibility (OR = 0.28; CI: 0.15\u20130.52; 95% CI). These findings demonstrate that infections by CTF causative agents are endemic but exhibit region-specific epidemiological patterns, reflecting the combined effects of climate and management practices, and localized transmission foci that may be intensified by commercial cattle movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Epidemiological Spectrum of Bovine Tick-Borne Pathogens in Northeast Brazil: Comparative Analysis Across a Tropical Humid and Two Semi-Arid Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3351-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Boniedj Ventura","family":"Alvares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordania Oliveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba\u2014IFPB, Sousa 58805-345, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1616-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basilio Felizardo","family":"Lima Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldo Moreira","family":"Silva Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira Pereira","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Bahia","family":"Labruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2762-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Ferreira","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba\u2014IFPB, Sousa 58805-345, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9891-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Longo Ribeiro","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba\u2014IFPB, Sousa 58805-345, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Bovinocultura de corte no Brasil: Uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica de literatura","volume":"13","author":"Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Cienc. Ambient."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Off-host development and survival of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the Brazilian semiarid","volume":"9","author":"Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-736x2017000800003","article-title":"Doen\u00e7as parasit\u00e1rias em bovinos e ovinos no sul do Brasil: Frequ\u00eancia e estimativa de perdas econ\u00f4micas","volume":"37","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obreg\u00f3n, D., Corona-Gonz\u00e1lez, B., D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez, A.A., Armas, Y., Roque, E., Sena Oliveira, M.C., and Cabezas-Cruz, A. (2020). Efficient transovarial transmission of Babesia spp. in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks fed on water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040280"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06212-w","article-title":"Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner","volume":"17","author":"Zapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017119","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612020011","article-title":"Characterization of cattle tick fever in calves from the northwestern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Bahia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puentes, J.D., Carvalho, V.S., Caymmi, L.G., Mendon\u00e7a, M.F.F., and Riet-Correa, F. (2023). The occurrence of cattle tick fever in a region of the Atlantic Forest on the border with the Caatinga in Brazil. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233636"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00403","article-title":"Application of molecular approach in combination with providing treatment and control measures for combating Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infections in small scale livestock farms in Thailand","volume":"20","author":"Klinkaew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of ticks","volume":"129","author":"Jongejan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014042","article-title":"Reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Grisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2009000700011","article-title":"Doen\u00e7as parasit\u00e1rias em ruminantes no semi-\u00e1rido brasileiro","volume":"29","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011000300009","article-title":"Tristeza parasit\u00e1ria bovina no Sert\u00e3o da Para\u00edba","volume":"31","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, A.E., Guillemi, E.C., Sarmiento, N.F., Cant\u00f3n, G.J., and Farber, M.D. (2025). Rhipicephalus microplus and Its Impact on Anaplasma marginale Multistrain Infections in Contrasting Epidemiological Contexts. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020160"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiki, A.Z., Alam, S., Hossen, F.F.B., and Alim, M.A. (2025). Development of a multi-epitope chimeric vaccine in silico against Babesia bovis, Theileria annulata, and Anaplasma marginale using computational biology tools and reverse vaccinology approach. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312262"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-018-0260-0","article-title":"qPCR estimates of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infection levels in beef cattle and Rhipicephalus microplus larvae","volume":"75","author":"Giglioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tabor, A.E. (2025). Anaplasmosis in ruminants. Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co., Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/circulatory-system\/blood-parasites\/anaplasmosis-in-ruminants."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101967","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine Babesia spp., Anaplasma marginale, and their co-infections in Latin America: Systematic review-meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.115.4","article-title":"Climate analysis of the semi-arid region of Para\u00edba: Challenges and sustainable strategies","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-385-17-2024","article-title":"Isotopic signature of precipitation in the semi-arid region of Cear\u00e1, Northeastern Brazil","volume":"385","author":"Kreis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. IAHS"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) (2025, July 21). Mapa de Esta\u00e7\u00f5es Autom\u00e1ticas e Convencionais, Available online: https:\/\/mapas.inmet.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2021.111296","article-title":"Multiscale entropy analysis of monthly rainfall time series in Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"151","author":"Xavier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M.V. (2007). Epidemiologia Veterin\u00e1ria, Roca. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casa, M.S., Giovambattista, G., Fonteque, G.V., Miguel, E.L., Vogel, C.I.G., Miletti, L.C., Takeshima, S.N., and Fonteque, J.H. (2023). Identification of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina resistance alleles in Crioulo Lageano cattle using PCR-SBT and BoLA-DRB3 gene sequencing. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1256928"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90008-B","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA in bovine blood","volume":"50","author":"Figueroa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., and Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06758-5","article-title":"Biological parameters for Rhipicephalus microplus in the field and laboratory and estimation of its annual number of generations in a tropical region","volume":"119","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109506","article-title":"Rhipicephalus microplus seasonal dynamic in a Cerrado biome, Brazil: An update data considering the global warming","volume":"296","author":"Nicaretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-4786","article-title":"Incid\u00eancia de Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina e Babesia bovis em bezerros no semi\u00e1rido paraibano","volume":"38","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05513-2","article-title":"Seasonal fluctuations of Babesia bigemina and Rhipicephalus microplus in Brangus and Nellore cattle reared in the Cerrado biome, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Gubbels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, J.A., Rojas, C., and Figueroa, J.V. (2019). Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030143"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1971.11686759","article-title":"Bovine babesiasis: Estimation of infection rates in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)","volume":"65","author":"Mahoney","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1972.tb05160.x","article-title":"Epizootiological factors in the control of bovine babesiosis","volume":"48","author":"Mahoney","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01037.x","article-title":"Comparison of duplex PCR and microscopic techniques for identification of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in engorged females ticks of Boophilus microplus","volume":"54","author":"Melo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251324180","article-title":"A review of bovine anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) with emphasis on epidemiology and diagnostic testing","volume":"37","author":"Ierardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0703","article-title":"Babesia bovis and B. bigemina: Persistence of infection in friesian cows following vaccination with live antibabesial vaccines","volume":"164","author":"Pipano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102260","article-title":"Impact of using pyronaridine tetraphosphate-based combination therapy in the treatment of babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis, B. caballi, and B. gibsoni in vitro and B. microti in mice","volume":"81","author":"Rizk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"136","article-title":"Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Haematobia irritans (Muscidae) from Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Par."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz020","article-title":"Effects of Laboratory Grade Limonene and a Commercial Limonene-Based Insecticide on Haematobia irritans (Muscidae: Diptera): Deterrence, Mortality, and Reproduction","volume":"56","author":"Showler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101413","article-title":"Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Para\u00edba State, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Vilela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, A.K., Kleinhenz, M.D., Anantatat, T., Martin, M.S., Magnin, G.C., Coetzee, J.F., and Reif, K.E. (2021). Failure to Eliminate Persistent Anaplasma marginale Infection from Cattle Using Labeled Doses of Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline Antimicrobials. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110283"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabor, A.E., Ali, A., Rehman, G., Garcia, G.R., Zangirolamo, A.F., Malardo, T., and Jonsson, N.N. (2017). Cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus-host interface: A review of resistant and susceptible host responses. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00506"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105232","article-title":"Can herd seroprevalence be used as an indicator of enzootic stability for bovine anaplasmosis? Insights from a case-control field study in Brazil","volume":"171","author":"Lagranha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, A.C., Moon, R.D., Endres, M.I., Pereira, G.M., and Heins, B.J. (2023). The Defensive Behaviors and Milk Production of Pastured Dairy Cattle in Response to Stable Flies, Horn Flies, and Face Flies. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243847"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"100411","article-title":"Development and number of generations of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in bovine fecal masses in the semiarid region of Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.10.1178","article-title":"Comparison of iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Holstein steers via needle and needle-free injection techniques","volume":"71","author":"Reinbold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koether, K., de Albuquerque, A.L.H., Zakia, L.S., Rodrigues, F.P., Oliveira-Filho, J.P., Takahira, R.K., Borges, A.S., and Lins, J.G.G. (2025). Outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax in Dairy Cattle from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: Haematological and Molecular Diagnostic Approaches. Parasitologia, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia5030042"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024001495","article-title":"First seroprevalence survey of bovine anaplasmosis: An emerging tick-borne disease in commercial livestock and dairy farms in Bangladesh","volume":"151","author":"Zim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1702-1707","article-title":"Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma spp. in cattle and assessment of associated risk factors in Northeast Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Seerintra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascottini, O.B., Leroy, J.L.M.R., and Opsomer, G. (2020). Metabolic stress in the transition period of dairy cows: Focusing on the prepartum period. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081419"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Pinos-Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Alonso-D\u00edaz, M.\u00c1., Romero-Salas, D., Vicente-Mart\u00ednez, J.G., Fern\u00e1ndez-Salas, A., Jarillo-Rodr\u00edguez, J., and Castillo-Gallegos, E. (2023). Rotational Grazing Modifies Rhipicephalus microplus Infestation in Cattle in the Humid Tropics. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050915"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5677-6","article-title":"Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance","volume":"117","author":"Jonsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmab019","article-title":"Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)\u2014Biology, Management, and Future Research Directions","volume":"12","author":"Brewer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T05:18:35Z","timestamp":1766639915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}}}