{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:44:10Z","timestamp":1766990650809,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Evidence on COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is mixed. We examined associations between CCP administration and in-hospital outcomes among patients hospitalized during early pandemic waves in Poland. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center cohort study of adults hospitalized with COVID-19 between October 2020 and January 2021. Patients receiving CCP were compared with contemporaneous controls without CCP. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and discharge alive. Requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation\/intubation was summarized descriptively because timing of intubation was not reliably available. Group comparisons used \u03c72\/Fisher\u2019s exact tests and t-test\/Mann\u2013Whitney U tests as appropriate. Associations with mortality and discharge were evaluated using logistic regression: (i) a prespecified age-adjusted model and (ii) an exploratory prognostic model including in-hospital treatments and severity markers (systemic glucocorticoids, remdesivir, oxygen therapy, and antibiotic use), interpreted prognostically rather than causally. Results: The cohort included 224 patients (CCP, n = 92; controls, n = 132); outcome status was missing for eight controls. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and admission laboratory values were broadly comparable between groups. Crude in-hospital mortality was 25% in the CCP group (23\/92) versus 42% in controls (52\/124; p = 0.010), and discharge alive occurred in 66% versus 50%, respectively (p = 0.022). Invasive mechanical ventilation\/intubation was required in 12.0% of CCP recipients and 4.5% of controls (p = 0.071). In age-adjusted models, CCP was associated with lower odds of in-hospital death. In exploratory prognostic models incorporating systemic glucocorticoids, remdesivir, oxygen therapy, and antibiotic use, CCP remained associated with lower odds of death and higher odds of discharge alive. Conclusions: In this early-wave retrospective cohort, CCP administration was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and higher discharge rates. Exploratory analyses adjusted for concomitant in-hospital therapies and severity markers should be interpreted as prognostic associations rather than evidence of causal efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1766989551000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time-Dependent Outcomes of Convalescent Plasma in Early COVID-19: A Single-Center Cohort with a Host\u2013Pathogen Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kalinowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszynska 105 St., 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Boci\u0105ga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Immunology, Lower Silesian Center of Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1404-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benita","family":"Wiatrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, October 06). 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