{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:30:39Z","timestamp":1772760639499,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiological situation in Poland for IBV GII (formerly known as D1466) has seemed stable over the years, but an increase in such infections has been recently reported. In this study, genetic characterization of the representatives of this genotype was performed in order to determine whether the new epidemic wave of GII IBV was responsible for changes in this status quo. Genotyping based on the complete S1 coding region of eight Polish IBV field strains from 2011 to 2021 confirmed that they belonged to genotype II, with two of them clustered in the two previously identified GII-1 and GII-2 lineages. In turn, the S1 coding region sequences of the next six Polish strains are very different from the previous ones and form a separate group on the phylogenetic tree. However, comprehensive analysis of all complete S1 coding regions of GII strains did not fulfill all parameters needed to create the separate GII lineage, and they all seem to belong to the GII-1 lineage. Further analysis of the partial S1 sequence of 15 IBV GII strains showed their genetic distinctiveness and indicates the ongoing evolution of this virus genotype. Considering the results of our study and the recent outbreaks of GII-2 in Western Europe, it appears that infections with GII virus strains mainly affect egg-producing, long-lived chickens, commercial layers, and breeders. Furthermore, due to the high diversity of these viruses, their circulation in the poultry population may remain undetected, and for this reason, the observed production problems in laying flocks may be attributed to other, unrelated factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotype II in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Piku\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Opolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Doma\u0144ska-Blicharz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armesto, M., Cavanagh, D., and Britton, P. 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