{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:02:42Z","timestamp":1791313362384,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-typhoidal (NT) Salmonella spp. constitutes a major cause of foodborne illness. Culture is the gold standard, but it is time consuming, whereas multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)\/Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) offer faster detection with variable reported performance. Objectives: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of multiplex NAAT\/PCR and culture for Salmonella spp. using various statistical models with or without a gold standard assumption. Methods: A systematic search (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus; up to April 2024) identified 44 studies (55 comparisons). Diagnostic performance was evaluated using the frequentists bivariate model (BM) and Split Component Synthesis (SCS) and the Bayesian bivariate models (BBMs) and hierarchical summary ROC (BHSROC). Results: Across models, multiplex NAAT\/PCR demonstrated high specificity (&gt;98%) but model-dependent variability in sensitivity (85.5\u201394.8%), consistently substantial between study heterogeneity and threshold variation. The BM and BBM yielded a higher sensitivity estimate with narrower non-overlapping confidence intervals while SCS and BHSROC models, which are more robust to threshold differences, produced more conservative estimates with wider uncertainty. In Bayesian latent class analyses, culture remained highly accurate (Se: 97.17%, 95% CrI: 70.3\u201399.99; Sp: 96.06%, 95% CrI: 78.9\u201399.99), but with wide credible intervals indicating variation between studies, perhaps due to the different protocols used. Conclusion: Model choice affects inferred diagnostic accuracy, particularly when high heterogeneity is present. Both multiplex NAAT\/PCR and culture showed high accuracy; hence, a combination of the two tests could optimise rapid diagnosis and treatment. Future research should include cost effectiveness and decision analysis to update the diagnostic algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Multiplex NAAT\/PCR and Culture Against Salmonella spp.: A Comparison of Meta-Analytical Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xanthoula","family":"Rousou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, Applied Machine Learning and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Furuya-Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Meletis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, Applied Machine Learning and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0821-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olympia","family":"Lioupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, Applied Machine Learning and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7578-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Solomakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polychronis","family":"Kostoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology, Applied Machine Learning and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2630-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suhail A. 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