{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:55:08Z","timestamp":1793105708680,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune dysregulation is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, characterized by persistent immune activation and systemic inflammation that drive T cell exhaustion and senescence, contributing to disease progression and non-AIDS comorbidities, most notably tuberculosis (TB). With rising HIV prevalence, the incidence of HIV-TB co-infection continues to rise, highlighting the need to understand their immunopathological interplay. This narrative review aims to examine the association between immune dysregulation in HIV-TB co-infection, with a focus on cytokine profiles and immunological biomarkers. Relevant literature was retrieved from multiple databases, with evidence demonstrating differential expression of cytokines\u2014IL-17A, IFN-\u03b3, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2\u2014and T cell activation markers, such as CD38 and HLA-DR on CD4+ T cells in latent and active TB among HIV-infected individuals. These immune mediators are consistently co-expressed at higher levels in active TB compared to latent TB, suggesting heightened immune activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses in HIV-TB co-infection. However, these findings are largely based on observational data, and the precise mechanism by which cytokine and T cell biomarker dysregulation contributes to HIV-TB pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, underscoring the need for larger, mechanistic studies to address these gaps in the pathogenic pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immune Dysregulation in HIV-TB Co-Infection: Role of Cytokines and T Cell Biomarkers\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3256-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine Keiko","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Profession Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Sumarpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes Rengga","family":"Indrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjajaran University\u2014Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Immune Control of HIV","volume":"1","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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