{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:02:11Z","timestamp":1790143331040,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022720","name":"Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FRRB 2015-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRRB 2015-043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata","award":["PE 2016-02362470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE 2016-02362470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a significant complication in transplant recipients. Following HCMV reactivation, the recovery of T-cell responses serves as a key indicator of protection from HCMV disease. This study aimed to assess the HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and their cytokine production (IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, IL2) against various HCMV proteins (IE-1, pp65, gB, gH\/gL\/pUL128L) in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCTRs) with active HCMV infection. The cohort consisted of 16 SOTR and 16 HSCTR categorized into two groups: (i) Controllers, who spontaneously controlled the infection, and (ii) Non-Controllers, who required antiviral treatment. T-cell responses were analyzed following stimulation with peptide pools and intracellular cytokine staining. Prior to transplantation, all patients exhibited a significantly higher frequency of CD4+ T cells specific to pp65 compared to gH and gL\/pUL128L. During the peak of infection, T-cell frequencies across all peptides were similar, but at infection resolution, the frequency of pp65 and gB-specific CD4+IFN\u03b3+ T cells was significantly higher than gL\/pUL128L. Additionally, pp65 and IE-1-specific CD8+IFN\u03b3+ T-cell responses were significantly greater than those against gH and gL\/pUL128L at the resolution of infection. Notably, Controllers exhibited significantly higher frequencies of monofunctional pp65-specific T cells, particularly in CD8+ T cells producing IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1. The response to pp65, especially IFN\u03b3 production, may serve as a key marker for identifying patients capable of controlling HCMV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:28:57Z","timestamp":1767626937000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antigenic-Specificity and Cytokine Profile of the T-Cell Response to Human Cytomegalovirus in Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Zavaglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Zelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asja","family":"Cera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"d\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1440-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Gregorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rampino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Del Frate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Centre Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Diseases DCTV, University of Padova & AOPD, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7805-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Borsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery, Department of Intensive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Baldanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Lilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13512","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13512","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients-Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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