{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:23:50Z","timestamp":1791491030036,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8120485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8120485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership","award":["EDCTP2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDCTP2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2018SF-2451-ASTAWOL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2018SF-2451-ASTAWOL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The interaction between helminth and viral infections has important implications for understanding viral disease outcomes and vaccine efficacy in helminth-endemic regions. We previously demonstrated that helminth seropositivity is associated with reduced Th1\/Th17 cytokine levels and reduced COVID-19 severity; however, the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. This study further investigated these mechanisms by assessing how helminth antigens influence SARS-CoV-2-induced T-cell responses in individuals infected with filarial parasites in vitro. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 43 participants, including Onchocerca volvulus-infected individuals, filarial lymphedema patients, and non-endemic controls, were stimulated in vitro with SARS-CoV-2 peptides and Ascaris lumbricoides antigens. Results: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2-induced CD154 expression on CD4+ T cells but an increase on CD8+ T cells in O. volvulus-infected participants (p &lt; 0.0001). A. lumbricoides antigens alone did not induce significant T-cell activation in O. volvulus-infected individuals. However, SARS-CoV-2 peptides strongly activated CD4+CD154+ T cells response (p = 0.0074), but co-stimulation with A. lumbricoides antigens markedly reduced CD3+ and CD4+CD154+ T-cell expression frequencies (p = 0.0329 and p = 0.0452). A. lumbricoides-specific IgG correlated inversely with SARS-CoV-2-induced CD4+CD154+ expression (r = \u22120.6025, p = 0.0049), whereas SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG was positively associated with CD4+CD154+ and CD8+CD154+ T-cell responses (\u03b2 = 0.532, p = 0.016 and \u03b2 = 0.509, p = 0.022). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that helminth antigens modulate functional SARS-CoV-2-induced T-cell responses, offering a potential mechanism through which helminth co-infections shape antiviral immunity, vaccine efficacy, and clinical disease outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Helminth Antigens Modulate Virus-Induced Activation of CD154 (CD40L) Expression on T Cells in Onchocerca volvulus-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brice Armel Nembot","family":"Fogang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Kumasi, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Arndts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4353-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomabu","family":"Adjobimey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5066-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Kumasi, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Serwaa","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick","family":"Adu Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi P.O. Box 1277, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Royal Ann College of Health, Kumasi P.O. Box KS 6253, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Kumasi, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jubin","family":"Osei-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Klarmann-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7965-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Kroidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y.","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instiute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hosital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"},{"name":"German West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Kumasi, Kumasi PMB UPO, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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