{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:26:05Z","timestamp":1784654765701,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico","award":["E022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading agents causing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) due to its intrinsic resistance, its capacity to acquire resistance mechanisms, and its persistence in hospital environments. In Mexico, it ranks among the most frequently reported pathogens in national surveillance systems. The aim of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance profiles and the genetic determinants associated with MDR\/XDR phenotypes in P. aeruginosa strains from HAIs at Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico (HJM). Methods: Sixty-three strains from patients with HAIs were analyzed. Identification was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed CLSI guidelines. MDR\/XDR phenotypes were classified according to the Latin American consensus for categorizing MDR, XDR, and PDR pathogens. Screening for resistance mechanisms was carried out by PCR for the main \u03b2-lactamases circulating at HJM. Finally, mutations in the oprD gene were detected in imipenem-resistant isolates through amino acid sequence alignment. Results: Resistant phenotypes allowed the identification of MDR and XDR profiles. Only the metallo-\u03b2-lactamase blaVIM was detected. Analysis of oprD porin sequences revealed recurrent mutations (S103T, T115K, L170F, G186P, and T189V) associated with imipenem resistance. Conclusions: In P. aeruginosa, the presence of blaVIM and structural alterations in OprD confirms the multifactorial nature of carbapenem resistance. These findings underscore the need to strengthen microbiological surveillance programs and antimicrobial stewardship strategies to mitigate the impact and spread of MDR\/XDR isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic Determinants Linked to MDR\/XDR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains from a Mexican Tertiary Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Nicolas-Sayago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Loyola-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yesseny","family":"V\u00e1squez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular y Control de Pat\u00f3genos, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Cortez-San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular y Control de Pat\u00f3genos, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Margarita","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Valdelamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Gen\u00f3mica, Laboratorio Nacional de Biodiversidad (LaNaBio), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Cruz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio Mariano","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"Ru\u00edz-Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Camelia","family":"Calzada-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3851-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Rojas-Bernab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahaira de Jes\u00fas","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briceida","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Moreno-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7496-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Castro-Escarpulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan 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