{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:23:48Z","timestamp":1791491028809,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015516","name":"Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"collaboration between the Government of Ontario and the University of Guelph"},{"name":"Agricultural Research and Innovation Ontario"},{"name":"agency of the Government of Ontario accountable to the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023434","name":"Ontario Sheep Farmers","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSERC\u2014Discovery Grant Established Researchers"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are the most prevalent parasitic diseases in grazing sheep worldwide, causing significant productivity losses, high mortality and, as a result, economic losses and emerging animal welfare concerns. Conventional control strategies, primarily relying on anthelmintic treatments, face limitations due to rising drug resistance and environmental concerns, underscoring the need for sustainable alternatives. Selective breeding for host genetic resistance has emerged as a promising strategy, while recent advances in transcriptomics and integrative omics research are providing deeper insights into the immune pathways and molecular and genetic mechanisms that underpin host\u2013parasite interactions. This review summarizes current evidence on transcriptomic signatures associated with resistance and susceptibility to H. contortus and T. circumcincta GIN infections, highlighting candidate genes, functional genetic markers, key immune pathways, and regulatory networks. Furthermore, we discuss how other omics approaches, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiome, and multi-omics integrations, provide perspectives that enhance the understanding of the complexity of the GIN resistance trait. Transcriptomic studies, particularly using RNA-Sequencing technology, have revealed differential gene expression, functional genetic variants, such as SNPs and INDELs, in expressed regions and splice junctions, and regulatory long non-coding RNAs that distinguish resistance from susceptible sheep, highlighting pathways related to Th2 immunity, antigen presentation, tissue repair, and stress signaling. Genomic analyses have identified SNPs, QTL, and candidate genes linked to immune regulation and parasite resistance. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling further elucidates breed- and tissue-specific alterations in protein abundance and metabolic pathways, while microbiome studies demonstrate distinct microbial signatures in resistant sheep, suggesting a role in modulating host immunity. In conclusion, emerging multi-omics approaches and their integration strategies provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex host\u2013parasite interactions that govern GIN resistance, offering potential candidate biomarkers for genomic selection and breeding programs aimed at developing sustainable, parasite-resistant sheep populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1768816622000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sheep Genetic Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections: Current Insights from Transcriptomics and Other OMICs Technologies\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3732-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishani","family":"Sinhalage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Henrique Gebim","family":"Polizel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niel A.","family":"Karrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio S.","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"C\u00e1novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep: Looking Back for Building Up Future","volume":"1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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