{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T22:57:49Z","timestamp":1768863469693,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SENACYT) of Panama","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DDCCT 017-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DDCCT 017-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical illness affecting 6\u20138 million people in Latin America. Reaching scholarly consensus on the host response to T. cruzi infection remains a significant challenge, primarily due to substantial heterogeneity in outcomes driven by both the choice of animal model and the infecting parasite\u2019s discrete typing unit (DTU). This variability complicates the evaluation and comparison of new therapeutic compounds against existing drugs, namely benznidazole and nifurtimox. This study provides a comprehensive, kinetic, multifaceted characterization of the acute infection using the highly virulent T. cruzi Y strain (TcII) in outbred Swiss mice. Here, crucial infection parameters are presented, including the optimal infective dose, the parasitemia dynamics, tissue damage markers, hematological profiles, cytokine production (Th1\/Th2\/Th17\/Th22), and molecular parasite identification in target organs (heart, colon, esophagus, spleen, and liver) across the span of the infection. The novelty of this study lies in the kinetic integration of these parameters within a defined model; rather than presenting isolated data points, we demonstrate how the biochemical, physiological, and clinical signs and immunological responses, with the resulting organ involvement, evolve and interact over time. To complete the report, a necropsy evaluation was performed at the end of the acute, fatal infection, and it is presented here. This study fulfills a long-standing recommendation from diverse drug discovery groups for the creation of a definitive reference model to standardize preclinical testing for anti-Chagasic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1768816622000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetics of Biomarkers for Therapeutic Assessment in Swiss Mice Infected with a Virulent Trypanosoma cruzi Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2766-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Alves-Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENACYT), Panama 0843, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doriana","family":"Dorta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"Prescilla-Ledezma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENACYT), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda Humana, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 0801, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jafeth","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Medical Microspectroscopy Research Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leighanne","family":"Bonner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Escuela de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Latina de Panam\u00e1, Panama 0823, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon J.","family":"Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Escuela de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Latina de Panam\u00e1, Panama 0823, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6117-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelenis","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 0801, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1847-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melany","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Health and Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 0801, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davis","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Core, GMIHS, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Panama 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9670-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"De Jes\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENACYT), Panama 0843, Panama"},{"name":"Bioterio, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Panama 0843, 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