{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:12:06Z","timestamp":1769454726813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"collaboration agreement between the Mundo Sano Foundation and the CNM-ISCIII","award":["MVP 315\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MVP 315\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Spain, Leishmania infantum causes both cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study aimed to analyse trends in the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and epidemiology of leishmaniasis at Severo Ochoa University Hospital in Legan\u00e9s, an endemic area in Southern Madrid affected by Europe\u2019s largest outbreak (2009\u20132015). A retrospective study was conducted, including all confirmed cases from January 1992 to December 2024, using clinical records. Cases were stratified into pre-outbreak, outbreak, and post-outbreak periods. A total of 151 cases were identified, including 129 VL, 21 CL, and 1 simultaneous VL\/CL. VL predominated among adults during the HIV epidemic, later shifting to elderly and non-HIV immunosuppressed patients, while paediatric cases remained stable. Diagnostic methods evolved from bone marrow microscopy, culture, and IFAT to molecular and chemiluminescence assays. VL treatment also evolved, with amphotericin B gradually replacing meglumine antimoniate as first-line VL treatment. Most patients required hospitalisation, with 8.5% mortality, mainly among immunocompromised or elderly individuals. A persistent concentration of cases near recently urbanised areas adjacent to the parks of Polvoranca and Bosquesur was observed. Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, endemic transmission and underreporting continue, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and preventive measures. Hospital record review proved useful for monitoring compliance with mandatory VL notification, though its applicability to cutaneous cases remains limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Leishmaniasis: A 32-Year Review in an Endemic Area in the South of Madrid Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Ant\u00f3n-Berenguer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar Manuel","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"L\u00f3pez Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Mart\u00ednez Mond\u00e9jar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Chao Crecente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Rubio Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jes\u00fas","family":"Merino Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Av. de Orellana, s\/n, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Chicharro Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, ISCIII, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Garc\u00eda D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, ISCIII, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Nieto Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, ISCIII, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Delmans","family":"Flores-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Parasitology, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2022: Assessing trends over the past 10 years","volume":"98","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. 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