{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:07:51Z","timestamp":1769720871831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>L. infantum and L. donovani, distinct species in the L. donovani complex, show high phenotypic and genotypic polymorphism and share molecular traits. Therefore, genotyping by a single molecular target can give uncertain results. This study focuses on genotyping a set of L. donovani complex strains, including 18 zymodemes classified according to Montpellier nomenclature (ZMONs) and different clinical forms, by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and cysteine proteinase b (cpb) sequencing to evaluate their ability in species discrimination. We found an unexpected L. infantum hsp70 variability, with 8 sequence variants. Cpb-PCR could not distinguish L. donovani complex species, due to a L. infantum intraspecific allelic (cpbEF) polymorphism. By combining ITS-hsp70-cpb sequence variants, we obtained different genotypes. ITS(A)-hsp70inf(2)-cpbE identified 69.9% of L. infantum strains representing 12 ZMONs from Mediterranean visceral and cutaneous cases, ITS(A)-hsp70inf(2)-cpbF identified a non-ZMON-1 cluster. Four genotypes represented ZMON-24: ITS(A, B)-hsp70(Y)-cpbF identified a cutaneous cluster from Italy and North Africa, ITS(A, Lombardi)-hsp70(2)-cpbE identified cutaneous and visceral cases from Mediterranean areas. We believe this study contributes to an overview of L. infantum variant populations, and to the discussion on diagnostic targets, in single or multi -target-based approaches, to identify Leishmania populations in the Mediterranean area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:08:57Z","timestamp":1769681337000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Multi-Target Genotyping (ITS-hsp70-cpb) for Detecting Population Heterogeneity Within Mediterranean Leishmania infantum, with a Focus on Zymodeme MON-24"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trentina","family":"Di Muccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tonanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Van der Auwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-9893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gradoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Gramiccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, May 24). 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