{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:28:22Z","timestamp":1770751702572,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K1175800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K1175800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K1165500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K1165500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K0249300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K0249300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K2263400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K2263400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PIM kinases (PIM1, PIM2, PIM3) are serine\/threonine kinases implicated in infection and reactivation of various viruses, but their roles in HIV-1 gene expression and particle production remain unclear. We examined their impact on HIV-1 and related viruses using co-transfection systems. PIM1 and PIM3, but not PIM2, markedly suppressed HIV-1 virion production without affecting infectivity. This inhibitory effect extended to transmitted\/founder HIV-1 clones and SIV, indicating broad activity across lentiviruses. Kinase-dead mutants failed to reduce virion production, confirming the requirement for catalytic activity. Our data suggest that PIM1 and PIM3 act at distinct steps of HIV-1 gene expression: PIM1 reduces transcription, whereas PIM3 acts post-transcriptionally to diminish viral protein expression. Co-expression of PIM1 and PIM3 further enhanced suppression, suggesting complementary functions. Both kinases also inhibited expression from non-LTR promoters, implying involvement of general cellular factors. These findings reveal distinct and cooperative actions of PIM1 and PIM3 in limiting HIV-1 particle production, providing new insights into host kinase-mediated regulation of viral gene expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:55:11Z","timestamp":1770216911000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PIM1 and PIM3 Kinases Suppress HIV-1 Protein Expression and Particle Production Through Distinct Roles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4023-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Quoc","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4811-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao Quoc","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaaki","family":"Koma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post\u2212LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-0814, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanako","family":"Komoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Udagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Gotoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Nagasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Ichinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuma","family":"Inamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Program for Medicine, Photonics, and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-0813, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Nomaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post\u2212LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-0814, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152725","article-title":"Identification 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