{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:35:51Z","timestamp":1776854151847,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Infections in hand surgery represent a clinically relevant complication, particularly in trauma-related procedures and in the presence of internal fixation devices. Data specifically addressing microbiological profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns in hand surgery remain limited. Methods: A monocentric retrospective observational study was conducted, including 72 patients treated for hand surgery infections between January 2024 and June 2025. Microbiological isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were analyzed and stratified according to the clinical scenario, including trauma-related infections and infections associated with internal fixation devices. Monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections were evaluated separately. Results: Trauma-related infections accounted for 77.8% of cases, of which 64.3% were monomicrobial and 35.7% polymicrobial. Monomicrobial trauma-related infections were predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin resistance detected in 25.0% of cases. Polymicrobial trauma-related infections showed greater microbiological complexity but limited antimicrobial resistance. Infections associated with internal fixation devices represented 22.2% of cases and demonstrated a higher proportion of polymicrobial infections. Across all subgroups, no extended-spectrum beta-lactamase\u2013producing Enterobacterales or carbapenem-resistant organisms were identified. Conclusions: This study fills an important evidence gap by characterizing pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in a dedicated hand surgery cohort, an area where published microbiological data remain limited compared with other orthopedic subspecialties. Hand surgery infections exhibit distinct microbiological and resistance profiles depending on the clinical scenario and microbial complexity. Despite frequent polymicrobial involvement, high-level antimicrobial resistance remains uncommon, supporting the value of local microbiological surveillance to guide empirical therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:32:59Z","timestamp":1770395579000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiological Spectrum and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Hand Surgery Infections: A Monocentric Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Drago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1574-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Giarritiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deflorio","family":"Loredana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"De La Motte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1421-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Carreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Sommese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Pajardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Surgery Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Surgery Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"KCC (2021). 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