{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:11:07Z","timestamp":1789171867030,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Ricerca Corrente 2018 IZS SI 08\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 2018 IZS SI 08\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is an insidious globally distributed zoonosis accounting for approximately one-fifth of all foodborne illnesses in humans in Europe. It stands as a classic example of a disease transmitted through the close interconnection between humans, animals, and the environment. Accordingly, mitigation strategies and health management protocols demand cross-sectoral involvement from medical, veterinary, environmental, and political actors, rendering the adoption of a \u2018One Health\u2019 perspective essential. Despite longstanding advocacy for One Health by the WHO, WOAH, and FAO, national health authorities have yet to establish the necessary operational infrastructure. Specifically, there is a lack of tools to enable information sharing among professionals, which is essential for the synergistic management of major health issues. A four-part epidemiological data collection tool specifically developed for human toxoplasmosis is proposed here to aid in the identification of risk factors and potential sources of infection. The proposed framework comprises four sequential sections intended to be completed through contribution from the patient, the attending physician, the involved veterinarian, and the national reference laboratory for toxoplasmosis. This questionnaire serves as a conceptual, non-validated tool designed to support a One Health\u2013oriented epidemiological investigation process. Its practical performance, feasibility, and potential usefulness in routine surveillance or prevention strategies have not yet been assessed and will require validation in future studies. Nonetheless, the framework may serve as a model for the development of similar integrative tools applicable to other zoonotic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:09:19Z","timestamp":1770973759000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developing an Integrated Medical-Veterinary Data Framework for Investigating Human Toxoplasmosis: A One Health Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria Fausta","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5376-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Paolo","family":"Giunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Salvaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1357-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Agozzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8966-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Aparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2183-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Percipalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"One Health Commission (2025, December 19). What Is One Health?. Available online: https:\/\/www.onehealthcommission.org\/en\/why_one_health\/what_is_one_health\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-418","article-title":"Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation","volume":"75","author":"Batz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17-00161","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.9.17-00161","article-title":"Prioritisation of food-borne parasites in Europe, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Bouwknegt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suijkerbuijk, A.W., Over, E.A., Opsteegh, M., Deng, H., van Gils, P.F., Bona\u010di\u0107 Marinovi\u0107, A.A., and Mangen, M.J.J. (2019). A social cost\u2013benefit analysis of two One Health interventions to prevent toxoplasmosis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216615"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12630","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in edible fishes captured in the Mediterranean basin","volume":"66","author":"Marino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Parliament, and Council of the European Union (2003). Directive 2003\/99\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents. Off. J. Eur. Union, L325, 31\u201340."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., and Robertson, L.J. (2018). Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites. EFSA J., 16, e05495.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5495"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. (2010). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.06.007","article-title":"Development of a semi-structured, multifaceted, computer-aided questionnaire for outbreak investigation: E-Outbreak Platform","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160060072008","article-title":"An epidemic of acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"208","author":"Kean","year":"1969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","article-title":"Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study","volume":"321","author":"Cook","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000808","article-title":"Risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in the Netherlands","volume":"151","author":"Friesema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhab, M., Aziz, M.W., Shaukat, A., Cao, M.X., Hou, Z., Huang, S.Y., Li, L., and Yuan, Y.G. (2025). Review of Toxoplasmosis: What We Still Need to Do. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080772"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2024). The European Union One Health 2023 zoonoses report. EFSA J., 22, e9106.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9106"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0187","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Algeria","volume":"110","author":"Sebaa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181565","article-title":"Patterns of transmission and sources of infection in outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Caldart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and European Food Safety Authority (2023). Three clusters of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 infections linked to chicken meat and chicken meat products. EFSA Support. Publ., 20, 8388E.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8388"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110953","article-title":"Source attribution of Listeria monocytogenes in the Netherlands","volume":"427","author":"Paganini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05227-x","article-title":"A combined case-control and molecular source attribution study of human Campylobacter infections in Germany, 2011\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Rosner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"One Health European Joint Programme (2025, December 19). TOXOSOURCES: Toxoplasma Gondii Sources Quantified. Available online: https:\/\/onehealthejp.eu.https:\/\/onehealthejp.eu\/projects\/food-borne-zoonoses\/jrp-toxosources."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/2\/210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:10:56Z","timestamp":1771305056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/2\/210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15020210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15020210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}