{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:45:40Z","timestamp":1789753540999,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Siedlce"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) produces virulence factors and causes hard-to-treat infections. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) on the selected virulence factors of MRSA: adhesion to host plasma and extracellular matrix proteins, protease, DNase and esterase production, and hemolytic activity. Our results showed that TC at \u00bd MBIC (Minimum Biofilm Inhibition Concentration) of 240 \u00b5g\/mL or 60 \u00b5g\/mL, depending on the isolate, significantly reduced MRSA adhesion. Inhibition varied between isolates, ranging from 26.1% to 41.3% (fibrinogen), 18.2% to 34.9% (elastin), 26.5% to 32.4% (laminin), and 17.1% to 30.5% (collagen). TC at \u00bd MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of 30 \u00b5g\/mL also significantly inhibited MRSA enzyme production, and reduced hemolytic activity (by 80.0\u201383.1%, depending on the isolate). TC may be an alternative to antibiotics for combating infections caused by S. aureus, as it not only reduces bacterial survival in the host but also reduces S. aureus virulence at subinhibitory concentrations. TC at higher concentrations exhibits cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts, limiting its topical use. Therefore, to exploit TC\u2019s antibacterial potential, it is necessary to identify substances that act synergistically with it, enabling reduced effective doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:48:56Z","timestamp":1772542136000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of trans-Cinnamaldehyde on Adhesion and Other Virulence Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6191-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Wierzchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Gru\u017cewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, University of Siedlce, 12 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta Anna","family":"Trafny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"St\u0119pi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Witeska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025). 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