{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:13:31Z","timestamp":1790187211936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elizabethkingia species are rare but increasingly recognised Gram-negative pathogens linked to healthcare-associated transmission, intrinsic multidrug resistance, and severe infection in vulnerable hosts. We performed a comprehensive review of human Elizabethkingia infections by systematically searching PubMed on 18 October 2025 and included English-language case reports, case series, and outbreak investigations; species were analysed as reported (legacy nomenclature retained), and adults were defined as \u226518 years. In total, 374 studies were included (300 case reports, 41 case series, 33 outbreak investigations). Adult infections were predominantly healthcare-related, affected older adults with substantial comorbidities and most often presented as bacteraemia or sepsis and pneumonia; crude mortality in adult case reports was 32.8%. Paediatric disease was concentrated in neonates and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) settings, with meningitis and bloodstream infection predominating; crude mortality in paediatric case reports was 23.3%, and neurological sequelae were frequently reported among survivors. Across studies, isolates showed broad resistance to \u03b2-lactams and near-universal resistance to carbapenems, with variable activity to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole and more consistent in vitro activity to minocycline. Species misidentification (notably Elizabethkingia anophelis as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica) and heterogeneous susceptibility testing limited comparability. Outbreak investigations repeatedly implicated water-associated reservoirs and reusable equipment, underscoring the need for improved diagnostics, susceptibility-guided therapy and water-focused infection prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1772629896000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Elizabethkingia Species as an Emerging Pathogen: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Microbiological Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline Wan Yu","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9540-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernice Jia Xin","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl Ying Xuan","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay Choong","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maraki, S., Katzilakis, N., Neonakis, I., Stafylaki, D., Mavromanolaki, V.E., Kyriakidis, I., Pelagiadis, I., and Stiakaki, E. 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