{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:34:03Z","timestamp":1772930043736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["#2019-06049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019-06049"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012394","name":"Kleberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["AI081093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI081093"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["AI093858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI093858"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a T7 phage display platform to deliver a library of tick antigens as a vaccine to disrupt tick feeding in cattle. Cattle were vaccinated at three-week intervals via intradermal and intramuscular routes with a cocktail of male and female Amblyomma americanum T7 phage display cDNA libraries, with and without adjuvant. ELISA and Western blot analyses confirmed that vaccinated cattle mounted immune responses directed against phage-displayed tick proteins rather than the T7 phage backbone. Vaccine-induced antibodies recognized both native tick salivary gland proteins and selected recombinant salivary proteins, indicating effective antigen presentation and biologically relevant immunity with binding to native tick saliva proteins. The adjuvanted formulation elicited significantly stronger immune responses than phage-only immunization. Immunized cattle exhibited robust immune memory, evidenced by a pronounced anamnestic response following tick infestation. This immunity translated into measurable anti-tick effects, including reduced tick feeding efficiency and blood ingestion. Tick reproductive success was severely compromised, with larval hatching declining from 54% in ticks fed on control cattle to 4% in ticks fed on immunized cattle. This study establishes a practical and scalable T7 phage-displayed whole-tick antigen platform capable of inducing durable anti-tick immunity in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:31:14Z","timestamp":1772706674000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cattle Immunization with T7 Phage-Displayed Whole-Tick Antigens Reduces Amblyomma americanum Feeding Efficiency and Blocks Larval Tick Hatching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moiz Ashraf","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1799-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Kiarie","family":"Gaithuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thu-Thuy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Tae Heung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Bencosme-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology & Entomology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria & Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH-NIAID), Rockville, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacquie","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Park, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Lohmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Kerrville, TX 78028, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Eve","family":"Koziol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjuvants Division, SEPPIC Inc., Fairfield, NJ 07004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, K., Weakley, M., Do, T., and Mir, S. 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