{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1773660359026,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite improvements in life expectancy, people living with HIV (PWH) continue displaying immune activation and high rates of comorbid conditions. No comparative studies concerning activation markers exist between simplification strategies to either oral or long-acting (LA) dual ART. Methods: We prospectively collected plasma samples from PWH on successful ART, simplifying treatment from triple oral to either oral or LA dual ART based on integrase inhibitors. We measured changes in soluble CD14 (sCD14), soluble CD163 (sCD163), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-6. Background measurements and markers of microbial translocation and gut integrity (I-FABP, LBP) were also collected. Results: From 2019 to 2023, 38 PWH were analyzed (mean age 52, 87% male, 21 years HIV diagnosis, CD4 730 cells\/mm3, nadir CD4 317 cells\/mm3, AIDS 13%). After 7.2 months, sCD14 trajectories differed according to regimen (+0.43 ng\/mL, p = 0.033 for LA ART, \u22120.62 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001 for oral ART) but were not related to I-FABP or to LBP values. In case of CD4 nadir &lt; 200 cc\/mm3, AIDS, or very-low-level viremia, sCD163 values significantly increased when switching to oral but not to LA dual ART. Conclusion: We found different trends in immune activation markers and risk factors associated with PWH switching to either oral or LA ART, requiring larger studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Different Trends of Immune Activation Markers When Switching to Either Oral or Injectable Dual Antiretroviral Therapy Based on Integrase Inhibitors in People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Cannes General Hospital, 06400 Cannes, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Cote d\u2019Azur (Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Radiologically Isolated Syndrome), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"},{"name":"Pain Department and FHU InovPain, Nice University Hospital, Cote Azur University, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Capeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiom\u00e9tabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), RHU CARMMA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM UMR_S 938, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraya","family":"Fellahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardiom\u00e9tabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), RHU CARMMA, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM UMR_S 938, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie-Pharmacologie, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie-Pharmacologie, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"FHU-SENEC, INSERM U955 and Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est (UPEC), UMR U955, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8576-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Corbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Pradier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835521a3","article-title":"The history of antiretroviral therapy and of its implementation in resource-limited areas of the world","volume":"26","author":"Vella","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103896","article-title":"Ageing with HIV: Challenges and biomarkers","volume":"77","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samji, H., Cescon, A., Hogg, R.S., Modur, S.P., Althoff, K.N., Buchacz, K., Burchell, A.N., Cohen, M., Gebo, K.A., and Gill, M.J. 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