{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:08:01Z","timestamp":1788984481206,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Valneva"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme borreliosis (LB), the most common European tick-borne disease, can manifest as an erythema migrans (EM) rash or as disseminated LB. The prospective Burden of Lyme Disease (BOLD) study evaluated the frequency of LB clinical manifestations, including signs, symptoms, and treatment patterns in 14 healthcare practices in endemic regions of six European countries: the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden. Between April 2021 and December 2022, patients with suspected LB were evaluated using predefined case definitions that were applied by investigators to identify medically attended LB cases. Enrolled cases were interviewed about their symptoms. Among the 797 LB cases, 615 (77.2%) had EM and 182 (22.8%) had disseminated disease; 154 of the disseminated cases had Lyme arthritis (LA), five had Lyme neuroborreliosis, and three had Lyme carditis. Geographically, the proportion of disseminated disease varied by country, from 1.1% in Slovenia to 78.0% in Slovakia. Overall, 76.3% of all LB cases in Slovakia were LA. Antibiotic use varied by country, although every country prescribed doxycycline. The frequency of LB manifestations varied substantially between countries. EM was the most common manifestation in all countries except Slovakia, where LA was most common. This study underscores the need for improved prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:12:26Z","timestamp":1773853946000},"page":"327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe: Burden of Lyme Disease Study (BOLD), 2021\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Halsby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Ltd., Dorking Road, Tadworth, Surrey KT20 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Loew-Baselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Corporation Austria GmbH, Floridsdorfer Hauptstra\u00dfe 1, 1210 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franc","family":"Strle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3994-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Moniuszko-Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Zurawia 14, blok D, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan Sanmartin","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Valhallav\u00e4gen 1, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viliam","family":"Cibik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MUDr. Viliam Cibik, PhD, s.r.o., Vseobecna Ambulancia pre Dospelych, Prusk\u00e9 293, 018 52 Prusk\u00e9, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Zakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MUDr. Zakova, s.r.o., Ambulancia Vnutorneho Lekarstva, 911 01 Tren\u010din, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanita","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Corporation Austria GmbH, Floridsdorfer Hauptstra\u00dfe 1, 1210 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad D.","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology & Vaccinology Consulting Services, Anchorage, AK 99516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1287-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Begier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Biopharma Group,  D04 K7N3 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the BOLD Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lindgren, E., and Jaenson, T.G.T. 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