{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:52:41Z","timestamp":1782485561339,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next-Generation EU","award":["PRIN Prot. 2022WTWB9R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN Prot. 2022WTWB9R"]}]},{"name":"\u201cCoronavirosi nei ruminanti domestici nel sud Italia: descrizione di casi di infezioni zoonotiche inverse\u201d","award":["IZS ME 03-22 RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZS ME 03-22 RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During infection in vitro with the strain 438\/06 of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a \u03b2-coronavirus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV-2, treatment with 6-pentyl-\u03b1-pyrone (6PP), a fungal metabolite obtained from Trichoderma atroviride, was recently shown to influence viral load by reducing viral entry. Herein, the ability of 6PP to counteract the BCoV infection was further investigated both in vitro and in silico. Following the BCoV (strain 282\/23) infection in bovine (MDBK) cells, the 6PP in co-treatment increased cell viability, reduced morphological signs of cell death, and significantly inhibited viral yield, by lessening the expression of the viral spike (S) protein, as well as the gene transcription of the viral nucleocapsid (NP) protein. In addition, a noticeable down-regulation in the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, a strategic modulator of CoVs infection, was found. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate the potential interaction between 6PP and AhR involved in the BCoV infection. The docking 3D structural model showed that 6PP fits into a binding pocket positioned between the PASB and TAD domains of bovine AhR (bAhR), where the ligand is stabilized through hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the obtained computational data strongly suggest that the bAhR binding mechanism of 6PP is principally mediated by a well-conserved hydrophobic cavity playing a key role in the modulation of the receptor functions. Overall, our findings showed an antiviral action of 6PP versus BCoV infection in vitro and in silico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential Activity of 6-Pentyl-\u03b1-pyrone as an Antiviral for Bovine Coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Del Sorbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9923-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Giugliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"Acconcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8318-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Michela","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Staropoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violetta Iris","family":"Vasinioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stella","family":"Lucente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Capozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Vinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Pratelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Iacovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Fiorito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01355-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01355-20","article-title":"Comparative Pathogenesis of Bovine and Porcine 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