{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:19:34Z","timestamp":1774271974166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Interreg Program V-A Spain-France-Andorra","award":["EFA354\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFA354\/19"]}]},{"name":"CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["SEV-2015-0533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEV-2015-0533"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demodex mites are common commensals of mammalian skin, but under certain conditions, they can cause severe skin diseases. This study analyzed the presence, diversity, and phylogenetic relationships of Demodex species in two wolf subspecies from southern Europe to determine whether species-level differences exist between wild and domestic canids after thousands of years of divergence. A total of 1400 hair samples from 140 wolves were analyzed using a real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting mitochondrial 16S rRNA and nuclear 18S rRNA genes. Overall, 37.1% (52\/140; 95% CI: 29.0\u201345.9%) of wolves were positive for Demodex DNA, with a higher prevalence in Italian (46%) than in Iberian (36%) wolves. The lip and chin areas were the most reliable sampling sites. Four Demodex species were identified in wolves: D. injai and D. canis (associated with dogs), and D. folliculorum and D. brevis (associated with humans). Co-infestations involving multiple Demodex species were recorded for the first time in wild canids. These results challenge the long-held belief of strict host specificity in Demodex mites. The discovery of Demodex species associated with both humans and dogs in wolves supports the idea that host-switching and ecological interactions have occurred throughout the evolution of canids and humans. Such cross-species transfers may have taken place during the early domestication of dogs, representing a plausible scenario compatible with our data. However, given the isolated history of the two southern wolf populations, it is more probable that these findings result from recent interspecific transmission events, likely facilitated by ecological overlap with domestic animals and human environments. Future genomic studies will be essential for clarifying the evolutionary relationships within the genus Demodex and its host associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15030336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1774267176000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Detection of Human- and Dog-Associated Demodex Mites (Acari, Arachnida) in Southern European Wolves (Canis lupus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Sastre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Veterinari de Gen\u00e8tica Molecular, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,  08193   Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manena","family":"Fayos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recuperaci\u00f3n de Fauna Silvestre de Cantabria, 39690 Obreg\u00f3n,  Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Campus di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9022-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Francino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Veterinari de Gen\u00e8tica Molecular, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,  08193   Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3332-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roser","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,\u00a008193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian E.","family":"Ramos-Onsins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, \u00a008193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,\u00a008193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427-e65","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12136","article-title":"Immunology and Pathogenesis of Canine Demodicosis","volume":"25","author":"Ferrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. 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