{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:06:12Z","timestamp":1794330372492,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-67021-40018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-67021-40018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swine Health Information Center","award":["25-058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PRRSV-2 represents a major threat to the swine industry. Canada is one of the world\u2019s leading pork producers and a major trading partner of live pigs with the United States, yet PRRSV-2 evolutionary dynamics in these two countries are often studied independently, partly due to limited publicly available sequence data from Canada. We analyzed more than 3000 PRRSV-2 ORF5 sequences collected between 2000 and 2024 from five Canadian provinces. Thirteen previously described sub-lineages were detected in Canada, while approximately one-third of the sequences could not be assigned to any known sub-lineage. Phylogenetic analyses incorporating global reference sequences revealed that most unclassified sequences clustered into four distinct monophyletic clades, exhibiting genetic distances greater than 9.5% from recognized sub-lineages. We propose two new sub-lineages, 1K and 1L, corresponding to clades that were prevalent and persistent over time, whereas the remaining two clades were rare and last detected in 2021. We reconstructed cross-border transmission histories and found that sub-lineages 1C, 1H, 1I, 1K, and 1L originated in Canada, whereas 1A, 1B, 1E, and 1F originated in the United States. Transmission patterns varied across sub-lineages, ranging from unidirectional to bidirectional movement. Our findings refine PRRSV-2 classification and provide insights to inform targeted surveillance, particularly at national borders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1774433233000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phylogenetic Lineages of PRRSV-2 from Canada Reveal Patterns of Transboundary Spread and Two Novel Sub-Lineages in North America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Herrera da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor A. D.","family":"Paploski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Charette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Demeter Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Inc., L\u00e9vis, QC G7A 3S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Demeter Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Inc., L\u00e9vis, QC G7A 3S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Messier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Demeter Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Inc., L\u00e9vis, QC G7A 3S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Demeter Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Inc., L\u00e9vis, QC G7A 3S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8119-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Kikuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nakarin","family":"Pamornchainavakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar A.","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"VanderWaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(96)01322-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): An overview","volume":"55","author":"Albina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. 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