{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:40:11Z","timestamp":1789501211989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/05p2xef58","award":["4316\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4316\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/05p2xef58","award":["66\/UN9\/PKS\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66\/UN9\/PKS\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat, with individual genetic determinants like Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene variations potentially modulating immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This systematic review evaluates the role of TLR2 polymorphisms in influencing susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of pulmonary TB. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect was conducted through July 2024 for observational studies investigating TLR2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and active TB. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Of 8878 identified articles, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently investigated variants, Arg753Gln (rs5743708), \u2212196 to \u2212174 del, and rs3804099, were consistently associated with increased TB susceptibility, particularly in Asian and African populations. Furthermore, specific polymorphisms correlated with greater disease severity, including cavitary lesions and aggressive clinical progression. In conclusion, TLR2 genetic polymorphisms significantly increase the risk of developing pulmonary TB and contribute to more severe clinical outcomes. These findings emphasize the potential of genetic profiling in enhancing TB control strategies and developing personalized diagnostic or therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 Polymorphisms in Susceptibility to and Severity of Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sudarto","family":"Sudarto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zen","family":"Hafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irsan","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iche","family":"Liberty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zen","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6493-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadhyl Zuhry","family":"Lubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3767-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7492-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Arista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang 30126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mugenyi, N., Ssewante, N., Baruch Baluku, J., Bongomin, F., Mukenya Irene, M., Andama, A., and Byakika-Kibwika, P. (2024). Innovative Laboratory Methods for Improved Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Drug-Susceptibility Testing. Front. Tuberc., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2023.1295979"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy938","article-title":"The Importance of Heterogeneity to the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis","volume":"69","author":"Trauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilmour, B., and Alene, K.A. (2024). Ending Tuberculosis: Challenges and Opportunities. Front. Tuberc., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2024.1487518"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82469","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82469","article-title":"Estimating the Contribution of Subclinical Tuberculosis Disease to Transmission: An Individual Patient Data Analysis from Prevalence Surveys","volume":"12","author":"Emery","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.05.001","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors and Coordinated Cellular Pathways Involved in Tuberculosis Immunopathogenesis: Emerging Concepts and Perspectives","volume":"87","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100458","article-title":"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Host Interactions in the Manifestation of Tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Abbasnia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc. Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1089","article-title":"The Role of Toll-Like Receptor-2 in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Sudarto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indones. J. Glob. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, T., Du, Y., Xing, C., Wang, H.Y., and Wang, R.-F. (2022). Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.812774"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0122-8","article-title":"An Autophagy-Inducing and TLR-2 Activating BCG Vaccine Induces a Robust Protection against Tuberculosis in Mice","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in Immunoregulation and Therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156405","article-title":"Human Toll-like Receptor 2 Genetic Polymorphisms with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"172","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155791","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Toll-like Receptors Genetic Polymorphisms for Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"152","author":"Varshney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Association Between Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp Polymorphisms of TLR2 Gene with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Indonesian Population","volume":"50","author":"Soeroto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Medica Indones."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00061703","article-title":"The Arg753Gln Polymorphism of the Human Toll-like Receptor 2 Gene in Tuberculosis Disease","volume":"23","author":"Ogus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.3.625-626.2004","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 2 Arg677Trp Polymorphism Is Associated with Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Tunisian Patients","volume":"11","author":"Barbouche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caws, M., Thwaites, G., Dunstan, S., Hawn, T.R., Thi Ngoc Lan, N., Thuong, N.T.T., Stepniewska, K., Huyen, M.N.T., Bang, N.D., and Huu Loc, T. (2008). The Influence of Host and Bacterial Genotype on the Development of Disseminated Disease with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000034"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, D., Gupta, S.K., Sindhwani, G., and Patras, A. (2009). TLR2 Polymorphisms, Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp, are not Associated with Increased Burden of Tuberculosis in Indian Patients. BMC Res. Notes, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-162"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0741-7","article-title":"Variants in Toll-like Receptors 2 and 9 Influence Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Caucasians, African-Americans, and West Africans","volume":"127","author":"Velez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.08.001","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor and TIRAP Gene Polymorphisms in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients of South India","volume":"90","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2010.07.009","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2013\u03b1, and Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms in Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Disease Severity","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-C., Hsiao, C.-C., Chen, C.-J., Chin, C.-H., Liu, S.-F., Wu, C.-C., Eng, H.-L., Chao, T.-Y., Tsen, C.-C., and Wang, Y.-H. (2010). Toll-like Receptor 2 Gene Polymorphisms, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and Natural Killer Cell Counts. BMC Med. Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-11-17"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2009.00892.x","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 Gene Polymorphisms in a Southeastern Chinese Population with Tuberculosis","volume":"37","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2011.01077.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Toll-like Receptor and Adaptor Molecule Polymorphisms for Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in a Colombian Population","volume":"39","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"825","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 1 Polymorphisms Increased the Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Iranian Population Sample","volume":"29","author":"Naderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3820","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of TLR2, TLR4, and VDR Loci and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Moroccan Patients","volume":"8","author":"Arji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12086","article-title":"Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 (\u2013196 to \u2013174) Polymorphism in Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pakistani Population","volume":"41","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"12608","article-title":"Genetic Polymorphisms of CCL1 Rs2072069 G\/A and TLR2 Rs3804099 T\/C in Pulmonary or Meningeal Tuberculosis Patients","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.01.013","article-title":"The NRAMP1, VDR, TNF-\u03b1, ICAM1, TLR2 and TLR4 Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"39","author":"Jafari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Association of Toll-like Receptor 2 Gene Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in the Han Nationality in Hebei Area","volume":"38","author":"Gang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hebei Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12680","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor-2 Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pulmonary and Peritoneal Tuberculosis","volume":"125","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2018.01.001","article-title":"Association of Toll-like Receptor 2 Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sudanese","volume":"19","author":"Zaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S161544","article-title":"Polymorphism of IFN-\u03b3+874T\/A Associated with Production of IFN-\u03b3 Affects Human Papillomavirus Susceptibility in Rural Women from Luohe, Henan, China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22562","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22562","article-title":"Association of VDR Gene Polymorphisms and 22 Bp Deletions in the Promoter Region of TLR2\u039422 (-196-174) with Increased Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case-control Study in Tea Garden Communities of Assam","volume":"32","author":"Devi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4182-z","article-title":"Association of Toll like Receptor 2 and 9 Gene Variants with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Exploration in a Northern Indian Population","volume":"45","author":"Mittal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67299-6","article-title":"The Association of Inflammasome and TLR2 Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in the Han Taiwanese Population","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104291","article-title":"Association of TLR2 Polymorphisms, Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp, with Tuberculosis in Pakhtun Population of Pakistan","volume":"83","author":"Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20193141","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20193141","article-title":"Polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP and Tuberculosis in Two Independent Studies","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154897","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 2 Polymorphisms and Their Effect on the Immune Response to ESAT-6, Pam3CSK4 TLR2 Agonist in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Household Contacts","volume":"126","author":"Mandala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965697","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2965697","article-title":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in TLR4 Affect Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Mexican Population from the State of Veracruz","volume":"2020","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.02.008","article-title":"Association of Polymorphisms of Innate Immunity-Related Genes and Tuberculosis Susceptibility in Mongolian Population","volume":"82","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14885","article-title":"Pulmonary Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Association with Toll-Like Receptor 2 Arg753Gln Polymorphism","volume":"16","author":"Taher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S404915","article-title":"Association of Toll-like Receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sudanese Patients","volume":"12","author":"Mhmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2023.03.018","article-title":"Correlation of Polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR1 and TLR2) Genes with Susceptibility of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Doda Region of India","volume":"71","author":"Zargar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamaikina, S., Korchagin, V., Kulabukhova, E., Mironov, K., Zimina, V., Kravtchenko, A., and Akimkin, V. (2023). Association of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Tuberculosis in HIV-Positive Participants. Epigenomes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes7030015"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Sinha, P., Nema, V., Gupta, P.K., Chakraborty, P., Kulkarni, S., Rastogi, N., and Anupurba, S. (2020). Detection of Beijing Strains of MDR M. Tuberculosis and Their Association with Drug Resistance Mutations in katG, rpoB, and embB Genes. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05479-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_175_20","article-title":"Association of Disease Severity with Toll-like Receptor Polymorphisms in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients","volume":"9","author":"Soedarsono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2534","article-title":"Heterozygous Arg753Gln Polymorphism of Human TLR-2 Impairs Immune Activation by Borrelia Burgdorferi and Protects from Late Stage Lyme Disease","volume":"175","author":"Diterich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/venereology3010003","article-title":"The Arg753Gln Polymorphisms in Toll-like Receptor 2 in a Syphilis-Infected and Control Population in The Netherlands: Can Differences in the Number of Self-Reported Sexual Contacts Indicate Protection against Syphilis?","volume":"3","author":"Zondag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Venereology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benbetka, Y., Saadi, K., and Fissah, A. (2019). Role of TLR2 Polymorphism (2258) in Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Proceedings of the Tuberculosis, 28 September 2019, European Respiratory Society.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2019.PA4601"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"133","article-title":"The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.020","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor and Matrix Metalloproteinase Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Haplotypes, and Polygenic Risk Score Differentiated between Tuberculosis Disease and Infection","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/4\/354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:06:43Z","timestamp":1774616803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/4\/354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15040354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15040354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}