{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:42:42Z","timestamp":1789137762348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The methodical work describes all the necessary steps for establishing a stable oral ex vivo biofilm using saliva and crevicular plaque samples from periodontal healthy donors. First, cover slips were preconditioned with saliva supernatants and subsequently inoculated with crevicular plaque suspensions. Ex vivo biofilm formation was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) after 1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h of anaerobic cultivation. Exemplarily, the inhibitory characteristics of blackcurrant fruit extracts [all-fruit juice (AFJ); alcoholic fraction from berry skins (AFBS)] were observed on 1, 4 and 24 h-aged ex vivo biofilms. Chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.2%) served as positive control. After direct contact (3 min), biofilms were dispersed, plated onto agar and anaerobically cultivated for 24 h. Early ex vivo biofilms (1 h-biofilm) showed scattered microbial colonies. After 4 h of cultivation, a multilayered biofilm was formed. Biofilm mass gradually increased, displaying a complex polymicrobial structure after 24 h. At 72 h, the biofilms had a dense three-dimensional appearance. Treatment with AFJ and CHX was more efficient in inhibiting biofilm growth compared to AFBS. Early biofilms (1 h, 4 h) were more susceptible to AFJ and CHX compared to 24 h-biofilms. The introduced model can be recommended for testing the efficiency of plaque-controlling agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Innovative Oral Ex Vivo Biofilm Model for Antimicrobial Investigations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9591-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Heyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6007-4755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Guellmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4210-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gottschaldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstra\u00dfe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4978-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich S.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstra\u00dfe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Loeffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Sigusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Reise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000510184","article-title":"Biofilms","volume":"29","author":"Eick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Monogr. 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