{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:49:55Z","timestamp":1775044195063,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center","award":["P0070_23_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0070_23_N2"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center","award":["P0126_24_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0126_24_N2"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center","award":["P0022_25_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0022_25_N2"]}]},{"name":"National Strategic Research Institute","award":["FA460020D0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA460020D0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is primarily transmitted by Ixodes spp. and poses significant health risks, leading to morbidity and mortality in humans. Two of the five subtypes, Siberian and Far Eastern are known to circulate in Mongolia. In 2021, Ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from Bulgan aimag (province) using flagging and dragging methods and subsequently screened for TBEV using PCR. Positive samples underwent sequencing using an Oxford Nanopore Technologies-based hybrid capture approach, resulting in two coding-complete TBEV genomes from separate tick pools. Phylogenetic analysis classified both genomes within the Siberian subtype, grouping them with other Mongolian sequences from I. persulcatus collected in 2014, 2020, 2021, and 2023. The study sequences, PX654173 and PX654174, showed high genetic similarity (99.9% and 99.8%, respectively) to the sequence PQ479142, obtained from I. persulcatus ticks in Selenge, Mongolia, in 2021. The estimated time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Siberian genotype was approximately 981 CE (95% HPD: 646\u20131347) with the emergence of a distinct Mongolian clade of TBEV around 1888 CE (95% HPD: 1834\u20131934). These findings highlight the value of expanded whole-genome sequencing to improve our understanding of TBEV\u2019s genetic diversity and evolutionary history in Central Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1775038161000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two Coding-Complete Genomes of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Sequenced from Ixodes persulcatus Collected in Bulgan, Mongolia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nora G.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nyamdelger","family":"Tsevelmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0273-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia E.","family":"Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Hoylman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doniddemberel","family":"Altantogtokh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"},{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6688-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"PathoSeq Bio, Omaha, NE 68101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5692-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica D.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathoSeq Bio, Omaha, NE 68101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6374-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan G.","family":"Perez Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Genetics and Genomics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Salyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC (NAMRU-IP), Singapore 759657, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Etobayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC (NAMRU-IP), Singapore 759657, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9656-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nergui","family":"Davaasuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buyandelger","family":"Bolorchimeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bandikhuu","family":"Amgalanbayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Mavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Letizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC (NAMRU-IP), Singapore 759657, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bazartseren","family":"Boldbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"von Fricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1218098","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: What travelers should know when visiting an endemic country","volume":"12","author":"Chrdle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15040174","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev): Epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutic approaches and some molecular aspects\u2014An updated review","volume":"15","author":"Mittova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.024","article-title":"Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses","volume":"140","author":"Dobler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.449","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Mongolia","volume":"14","author":"Khasnatinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management","volume":"3","author":"Bogovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1511-3","article-title":"Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology","volume":"131","author":"Ludlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pustijanac, E., Bur\u0161i\u0107, M., Talapko, J., \u0160krlec, I., Me\u0161trovi\u0107, T., and Li\u0161nji\u0107, D. (2023). Tick-borne encephalitis virus: A comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071634"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deviatkin, A.A., Karganova, G.G., Vakulenko, Y.A., and Lukashev, A.N. (2020). TBEV subtyping in terms of genetic distance. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111240"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-1-179","article-title":"Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia","volume":"80","author":"Ecker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.014","article-title":"Reconsidering the classification of tick-borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian Subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history","volume":"55","author":"Kovalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-012-0795-9","article-title":"Isolation, preliminary characterization, and full-genome analyses of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Mongolia","volume":"45","author":"Frey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldbaatar, B., Cleary, N.G., Paoli, J.E., Lee, D.-W., Altantogtokh, D., Matulis, G.A., Cote, N., Fiorenzano, J., Etobayeva, I.V., and Kwon, J.-H. (2024). Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected during 2020 in Selenge, Mongolia. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121086"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00318","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of tick-borne encephalitis in Mongolia between 2016 and 2022","volume":"22","author":"Ganbold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.031","article-title":"Serological evidence for tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Mongolia","volume":"296","author":"Walder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5564\/mjas.v13i2.508","article-title":"Identification of the Siberian type tick-borne encephalitis virus and serological surveillance in Mongolia","volume":"13","author":"Erdenechimeg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mong. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"25","article-title":"A case series of fatal meningoencephalitis in Mongolia: Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"10","author":"Baasandavga","year":"2019","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tserennorov, D., Uyanga, B., Uranshagai, N., Tsogbadrakh, N., Burmaajav, B., and Burmaa, K. (2023). TBE in Mongolia. Tick-Borne Encephalitis\u2014The Book, Global Health Press.","DOI":"10.33442\/26613980_12b22-6"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.020","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in arthropod vectors in the Far East of Russia","volume":"9","author":"Pukhovskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.019","article-title":"Ixodid ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in the South Asian part of Russia (Republic of Tuva)","volume":"10","author":"Kholodilov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaf673","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf673","article-title":"Detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ticks collected near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","volume":"12","author":"Cleary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.006","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Ixodes persulcatus in Mongolia in 2012","volume":"6","author":"Muto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199517","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing surveillance of Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) identifies an additional lineage in Kyrgyzstan","volume":"351","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39847-x","article-title":"Integrating full and partial genome sequences to decipher the global spread of canine rabies virus","volume":"14","author":"Holtz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00345-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00345-24","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of two targeted metagenomic virus capture probe-based methods using reference control materials and clinical samples","volume":"62","author":"Mourik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davi\u00f1a-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, C., P\u00e9rez, S., Cabrera-Alvargonz\u00e1lez, J.J., Rinc\u00f3n-Quintero, A., Treinta-\u00c1lvarez, A., Godoy-Diz, M., Su\u00e1rez-Luque, S., and Regueiro-Garc\u00eda, B. (2024). Performance of amplicon and capture based next-generation sequencing approaches for the epidemiological surveillance of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289188"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91956-z","article-title":"Development of a capture sequencing assay for enhanced detection and genotyping of tick-borne pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D571","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1207","article-title":"NCBI viral genomes resource","volume":"43","author":"Brister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531","article-title":"AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets","volume":"30","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa087","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa087","article-title":"RDP5: A computer program for analyzing recombination in, and removing signals of recombination from, nucleotide sequence datasets","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.96","article-title":"Using ggtree to visualize data on tree-like structures","volume":"69","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CP Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vew007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","article-title":"Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using tempest (formerly path-o-gen)","volume":"2","author":"Rambaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02751-x","article-title":"BEAST X for Bayesian phylogenetic, phylogeographic and phylodynamic inference","volume":"22","author":"Baele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15770.1","article-title":"Hamiltonian monte carlo sampling to estimate past population dynamics using the skygrid coalescent model in a Bayesian phylogenetics framework","volume":"5","author":"Baele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa130","article-title":"Gradients do grow on trees: A linear-time O(N)- dimensional gradient for statistical phylogenetics","volume":"37","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss084","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of demographic and molecular clock model comparison while accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty","volume":"29","author":"Baele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukhorukov, G.A., Paramonov, A.I., Lisak, O.V., Kozlova, I.V., Bazykin, G.A., Neverov, A.D., and Karan, L.S. (2023). The Baikal subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus is evident of recombination between Siberian and Far-Eastern subtypes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011141"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02616-7","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Latvia: An epidemiological and clinical comparison of European and Siberian subtype infections","volume":"53","author":"Freimane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmov\u00e1, R., H\u00f6nig, V., Tykalov\u00e1, H., Palus, M., Bell-Sakyi, L., and Grubhoffer, L. (2020). Tick-borne encephalitis virus adaptation in different host environments and existence of quasispecies. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080902"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, D., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Bestehorn-Willmann, M., Lindau, A., Drehmann, M., Stroppel, G., Hengge, H., Mackenstedt, U., Kaier, K., and Dobler, G. (2022). The emergence and dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis virus in a new endemic region in Southern Germany. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112125"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veac051","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac051","article-title":"Evolutionary traits of tick-borne encephalitis virus: Pervasive non-coding rna structure conservation and molecular epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Kutschera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1450591","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of small mammals for tick-borne pathogen infection in Northern Mongolia","volume":"8","author":"Pulscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1134\/S1875372823050141","article-title":"Results and prospects for cooperation between Russia and Mongolia on the problems of tick-borne infections","volume":"44","author":"Rychkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geogr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altantogtokh, D., Lilak, A.A., Takhampunya, R., Sakolvaree, J., Chanarat, N., Matulis, G., Poole-Smith, B.K., Boldbaatar, B., Davidson, S., and Hertz, J. (2022). Metagenomic profiles of Dermacentor tick pathogens from across Mongolia, using next generation sequencing. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.946631"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05356-x","article-title":"Co-infections with multiple pathogens in natural populations of Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Mongolia","volume":"15","author":"Lagunova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yembuu, B. (2021). General geographical characteristics of Mongolia. The Physical Geography of Mongolia; Geography of the Physical Environment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61434-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101414","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Drexler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.24079\/cajms.2017.11.006","article-title":"Geographical distribution of tick-borne encephalitis and its vectors in Mongolia, 2005\u20132016","volume":"3","author":"Baasandavga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Asian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.02.005","article-title":"Influence of altitude on tick-borne encephalitis infection risk in the natural foci of the Altai Republic, Southern Siberia","volume":"6","author":"Shchuchinova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelitsch, A., Wernike, K., Klaus, C., Dobler, G., and Beer, M. (2019). Exploring the reservoir hosts of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070669"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/4\/378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1775039203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/4\/378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15040378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15040378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}