{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:40:52Z","timestamp":1787791252745,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017261","name":"Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2-03-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-03-01-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2-03-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-03-01-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xyve152","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever (YF) remains a re-emerging vector-borne zoonotic disease in tropical regions of the Americas despite the availability of an effective vaccine. In South America, the virus is maintained through a jungle transmission cycle involving Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes and non-human primates (NHPs), which act as amplifying hosts and key epidemiological sentinels. This narrative review examines the current status of YF epizootics in South America, with a focus on the role of NHPs in viral circulation, early detection, and spillover risk to human populations. We synthesize recent evidence on epizootic patterns across endemic countries, the differential susceptibility of neotropical primates, and the ecological and environmental drivers influencing transmission, including deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and human encroachment into forested areas. In addition, we analyze current surveillance strategies, including wildlife monitoring, entomological and genomic surveillance, and their integration within a One Health framework. This review highlights that YF epizootics are expanding geographically and are closely linked to environmental change and human\u2013ecosystem interactions. Strengthening integrated, multidisciplinary surveillance systems is essential to improve early detection, guide vaccination strategies, and prevent human outbreaks. These findings underscore the critical importance of operationalizing the One Health approach to enhance preparedness and response to YF in South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1775816416000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Revisiting the Status of Yellow Fever Epizootics and Its Surveillance in South America: New Non-Human Primates, Spillover and Ecological Drivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"D. Katterine","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virologia, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, DC, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lysien","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15046, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.05.050","article-title":"Interaction of Flavivirus with their Mosquito Vectors and their Impact on the Human Health in the Americas","volume":"492","author":"Valderrama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. 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