{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:56:56Z","timestamp":1785427016932,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2021\/05961-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/05961-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#303701\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303701\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["#303701\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303701\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian trichomonosis is caused by protozoa of the genus Trichomonas, mainly Trichomonas gallinae, which infects the upper digestive tract of birds and is commonly associated with Columbiformes, the main reservoirs of the parasite. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and genetic diversity of Trichomonas spp. in captive synanthropic birds from southeastern Brazil. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 281 birds belonging to 13 avian orders and analyzed using Diamond medium culture, Giemsa-stained smears, and molecular assays. Of the 262 samples submitted to culture analysis, 72 (27.48%) showed trophozoite-like structures under light microscopy. Molecular screening based on the ITS1\u20135.8S\u2013ITS2 region detected Trichomonas DNA in 76 out of 267 samples with successful DNA extraction (28.46%), including 72 Columba livia domestica from Franca, one Coragyps atratus from Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, and three rock doves from Jaboticabal. Among the ITS-positive samples, 67 (88.15%) amplified the Fe-hydrogenase gene, and 65 (85.5%) were also positive for the 18S rRNA gene. Only six samples (2.29%) exhibited structures compatible with Trichomonas spp. in Giemsa-stained smears. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences grouped the isolates into two clades within the Trichomonas gallinae complex. Greater genetic diversity was observed using Fe-hydrogenase and 18S rRNA markers, revealing multiple haplotypes and clades. Molecular assays, particularly PCR applied directly to oropharyngeal swabs, showed higher sensitivity for detecting and characterizing Trichomonas gallinae compared to culture and cytology. These findings highlight the high occurrence and genetic diversity of T. gallinae in captive synanthropic pigeons and reinforce the importance of molecular tools for epidemiological surveillance in wildlife facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1776334486000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Trichomonas\u00a0gallinae in Captive Synanthropic Birds in Southeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Garcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Patologia de Animais Silvestres\u2014SEPAS, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2289-8315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Raquel Jesus Santos","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Patologia de Animais Silvestres\u2014SEPAS, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0047-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mait\u00ea Cardoso Coelho da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Patologia de Animais Silvestres\u2014SEPAS, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Calchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory\u2014VBBL, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Bassini-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Castro-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5176-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosangela Zacarias","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory\u2014VBBL, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1713-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory\u2014VBBL, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Werther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Patologia de Animais Silvestres\u2014SEPAS, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade \u00danica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d\u2014UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.05.010","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta, 1878) in companion birds in Japan and the genotypical relationship in the Asia region","volume":"55","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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