{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:02:11Z","timestamp":1776351731185,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of global concern that circulates in both domestic and wild swine populations. Understanding its presence and dynamics in wildlife reservoirs is crucial for assessing spillover risks and designing One Health surveillance strategies. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary relationships of HEV in wild boars from mainland Portugal. A total of 120 animals from seven districts were tested, with HEV RNA detected in four cases (3.3%), all from the \u00c9vora district near the Spanish border. One positive sample was successfully sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome classified it within the HEV-3m subtype, clustering with predominantly human-derived sequences from Spain and France, which highlights its zoonotic potential. A second phylogenetic analysis based on a partial genomic fragment, including sequences from domestic pigs in Portugal, revealed the co-circulation of subtypes 3e, 3f, and 3m without clear spatial or temporal patterns. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the identified strain was most likely introduced from Spain, supporting the hypothesis of cross-border transmission through wild boar movement. No recombination events were detected in the sequence obtained in this study. These findings provide the first molecular evidence of HEV-3m circulation in wild boars in Portugal, offering valuable insight into the HEV strain circulation in European wildlife populations. The zoonotic potential of HEV and the likelihood of interspecies transmission highlight the need for coordinated cross-border surveillance and integrated One Health strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:05:36Z","timestamp":1776348336000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wild Boars as a Reservoir of Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus in Portugal with Full-Genome Evidence of Genotype 3m"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9971-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6110-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida Dias","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6246-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia Carla","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio A.","family":"Abade dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Centro de Ci\u00eancia Animal e Veterinaria, Faculdade de Medicina, Veterinaria de Lisboa, Universidade Lusofona, Centro Universitario de Lisboa, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta Do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3965","article-title":"Wild Boar Populations up, Numbers of Hunters down? 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