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In mice, this can be studied in a model of infection with Sindbis virus (SINV), which infects neurons and causes neurological disease. Due to the non-renewable nature of neurons, the immune response in the CNS is specialized to prevent neuronal damage or death, even if they are infected. Therefore, insights into the nuances of antiviral immunity in the CNS provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of recovery. Type I interferons (IFNs) are critically important for survival; they are an innate antiviral defense mechanism that consists mainly of IFN\u03b1 and IFN\u03b2. Although both use the same receptor, type-specific differences between IFN\u03b1 and IFN\u03b2 have been described in other contexts. To this end, Ifnb\u2212\/\u2212 mice were used to elucidate the role of IFN\u03b2 in recovery from alphavirus encephalomyelitis. IFN\u03b2-deficient mice have intact IFN\u03b1 expression and downstream signaling, but symptomatic disease occurs earlier and is more severe. This is accompanied by increased virus replication in the early stages of infection. Microgliosis is reduced in Ifnb\u2212\/\u2212 mice compared to wildtype, but inflammatory cytokine\/chemokine levels are higher and associated with alterations in monocyte and NK cell recruitment into the CNS. Ifnb\u2212\/\u2212 mice have no deficiencies in the expression of factors known to be required for viral clearance. Therefore, IFN\u03b2 modulates the early stages of the immune response and facilitates restriction of virus replication, contributing to delayed disease onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15040441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:37:42Z","timestamp":1776677862000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interferon-\u03b2 Modulates Early Viral Replication Kinetics and Innate Responses to Non-Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8603-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria K.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-2429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane E.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0724-3","article-title":"Emerging Causes of Arbovirus Encephalitis in North America: Powassan, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses","volume":"17","author":"Doughty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. 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