{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:56Z","timestamp":1785437936172,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32570170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32570170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32570170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32570170"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases Project","award":["BJRID2025-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJRID2025-008"]}]},{"name":"High-level Public Health Technical Talents Project by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Health","award":["Key discipline personnel-02-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Key discipline personnel-02-05"]}]},{"name":"Reform and Development of the Beijing Municipal Health Commission","award":["HXZX-202106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXZX-202106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is a significant pathogen responsible for viral community-acquired pneumonia in children. To date, no specific antiviral agents have been approved for clinical use against HAdV infections. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mixtures have shown promising potential in managing viral pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of Yuanzhixingrenheji (YZ), a hospital-prepared TCM formulation from Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, against HAdV-7. Initial screening of four hospital formulations (Feiyanheji, Qingjieheji, Yindaizhikeheji, and Yuanzhixingrenheji) using a CCK-8 assay revealed that YZ exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity. In vitro, YZ pretreatment and post-infection treatment exhibited dose-dependent antiviral activity against HAdV-7 in A549 cells, significantly suppressing the DBP mRNA level and protein expression while reducing viral genome copies, HAdV-7-GFP fluorescence, hexon fluorescence, and DBP nuclear localization. In the hDSG2+\/+ C57BL\/6 mouse model of HAdV-7 infection, YZ effectively mitigated infection-induced body weight loss and substantially reduced viral loads in lung tissue. Furthermore, a clinical retrospective analysis indicated that YZ treatment significantly decreased post-hospitalization serum C-reactive protein levels of pediatric patients with HAdV infection in various disease severities. Compared with conventional treatment, YZ treatment also significantly reduced peak temperature and shortened the duration of fever in children with HAdV infection, supporting its therapeutic potential. In summary, this study provides the first integrated evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical retrospective investigations, demonstrating that the TCM mixture YZ has significant anti-HAdV-7 activity and clinical efficacy. Characterized by a favorable safety profile and low economic burden, YZ is a promising candidate for the treatment of pediatric adenovirus pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15050463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:40:12Z","timestamp":1777981212000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiviral Efficacy of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Mixture Yuanzhixingrenheji Against Human Adenovirus-7 In Vitro, In Vivo, and in a Clinical Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4360-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuchi","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaibing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7634-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengde","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3650-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6146-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing 100045, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-84-20714","article-title":"Isolation of a Cytopathogenic Agent from Human Adenoids Undergoing Spontaneous Degeneration in Tissue Culture","volume":"84","author":"Rowe","year":"1953","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu346","article-title":"Fields Virology, 6th Edition","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulanayake, S., and Tikoo, S. (2021). Adenovirus Core Proteins: Structure and Function. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030388"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings, M.R., and Parks, R.J. (2023). Human Adenovirus Gene Expression and Replication Is Regulated through Dynamic Changes in Nucleoprotein Structure throughout Infection. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010161"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78960-9","article-title":"Hybrid Sequencing for Detailed Genetic Characterization of Human Adenoviruses","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13849","article-title":"Adenoviruses\u2014Infection, Pathogenesis and Therapy","volume":"594","author":"Greber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Febs Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Group, H.W. (2026, January 20). Available online: http:\/\/Hadvwg.Gmu.Edu."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584923","article-title":"Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Cao, J., Qu, Y., Tian, W., Shen, P., Liu, X., Luo, Q., Song, Q., Wen, Q., and Xue, G. (2025). Epidemiological Characteristics of Adenovirus in Children in Yancheng, China, 2023\u20132024. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1587257"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000451","article-title":"Human Adenovirus Infections: Update and Consideration of Mechanisms of Viral Persistence","volume":"31","author":"Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106450","article-title":"Clinical Epidemiological Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Viral Community-Acquired Pneumonia in China","volume":"90","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00590-w","article-title":"Human Adenovirus (HAdV) Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Guangzhou, China, 2010\u20132021: A Molecular Epidemiology Study","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37216","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37216","article-title":"Fatal Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children Caused by Re-Emergent Human Adenovirus 7d Associated with Higher Severity of Illness and Fatality Rate","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29182","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29182","article-title":"Genome and Proteomic Analysis of Risk Factors for Fatal Outcome in Children with Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia Caused by Human Adenovirus 7","volume":"95","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582911","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2582911","article-title":"High Case Fatality Rate of Human Adenovirus Type 7 Infections in Children: A Meta-Analysis and Phylogenetic Study of HAdV-7 Epidemics over the Past Seven Decades","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Xie, Z., and Xu, L. (2024). Current Antiviral Agents against Human Adenoviruses Associated with Respiratory Infections. Front. Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1456250"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620960687","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Effect of Cidofovir Treatment for Severe Adenovirus Pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107843","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the Treatment of COVID-19 and Other Viral Infections: Efficacies and Mechanisms","volume":"225","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.105086","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine for Viral Pneumonia Therapy: Pharmacological Basis and Mechanistic Insights","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.07.007","article-title":"Sanhan Huashi Formula and Its Bioactive Compounds Exert Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"22","article-title":"Experimental Research of the Impacts of Maxing Shigan Tang on the Protein Expression of HELF Cellular Factors in Adenoviral Infection","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"83","article-title":"The Anti-Adenovirus Type 3 Effect of Qing Re He Ji","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"China J. Mod. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"50","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Shuanghuanglian Tablet against Influenza A Virus FM1 and Adenovirus ADV3 in Mice","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"China Pract. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00302-6","article-title":"Inhibitory Activity of Honeysuckle Extracts against Influenza A Virus In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157803","article-title":"Targeting FTO\/m6A Epigenetics: Phillyrin Dual-Blocks Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Inflammation via NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 Silencing","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153296","article-title":"Phillyrin (KD-1) Exerts Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) by Suppressing the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-\u03baB) Signaling Pathway","volume":"78","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwaf190","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf190","article-title":"Phytochemical Alkaloids Orchestrate Immunometabolism against Viral Infections","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c08376","article-title":"Antiviral and Antioxidant Components from the Fruits of Illicium verum Hook.f. (Chinese Star Anise)","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905512Y.0000000017","article-title":"Global Use of the WHO Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, X., Zhu, Y., Li, C., Duan, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, X., Hou, W., Xie, Z., and Lu, Z. (2022). Construction of Adenoviral Vectors Using DNA Assembly Technology. J. Vis. Exp., e64033.","DOI":"10.3791\/64033"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2019). National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Adenovirus Pneumonia (2019 Version). Infect. Dis. Inf., 32, 293\u2013298."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M.-C., Xu, Q., Li, T.-T., Wang, T., Jiang, B.-G., Lv, C.-L., Zhang, X.-A., Liu, W., and Fang, L.-Q. (2023). Prevalence of Human Infection with Respiratory Adenovirus in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011151"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1037-0","article-title":"Human Adenovirus Load in Respiratory Tract Secretions Are Predictors for Disease Severity in Children with Human Adenovirus Pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002726","article-title":"Epidemiology of Adenovirus Infections and Outcomes of Cidofovir Treatment in Severely Ill Children","volume":"39","author":"Siew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8374.2","article-title":"Use of Cidofovir in Pediatric Patients with Adenovirus Infection","volume":"5","author":"Ganapathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000research"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.948847","article-title":"Development of CMX001 (Brincidofovir) for the Treatment of Serious Diseases or Conditions Caused by dsDNA Viruses","volume":"12","author":"Florescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01885-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01885-23","article-title":"The Adenovirus DNA-Binding Protein DBP","volume":"98","author":"Bertzbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertzbach, L.D., Ip, W.-H., and Dobner, T. (2021). Animal Models in Human Adenovirus Research. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121253"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00747-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00747-20","article-title":"Human Desmoglein-2 and Human CD46 Mediate Human Adenovirus Type 55 Infection, but Human Desmoglein-2 Plays the Major Roles","volume":"94","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"868","article-title":"Establishment and Significance of hDSG2 Transgenic Mice Lung Infection Model Induced by Human Adenovirus Type 55","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Chin. PLA Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00209-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00209-23","article-title":"Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Lung Organoids for Modeling Infection and Replication Differences between Human Adenovirus Types 3 and 55 and Evaluating Potential Antiviral Drugs","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1895679","article-title":"Chinese Tree Shrew: A Permissive Model for in Vitro and in Vivo Replication of Human Adenovirus Species B","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29026","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29026","article-title":"A Novel Humanized Tri-receptor Transgenic Mouse Model of HAdV Infection and Pathogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.01.010","article-title":"Analysis of Severe Human Adenovirus Infection Outbreak in Guangdong Province, Southern China in 2019","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878635","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4878635","article-title":"Evaluation of Risk Factors for Exacerbations in Children with Adenoviral Pneumonia","volume":"2020","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-23-312","article-title":"Clinical Features and Prediction of Risk Factors for Severe Adenovirus Pneumonia in Children","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1777982417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15050463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15050463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]}}}