{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:53:44Z","timestamp":1777949624368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pelsdyrafgiftsfonden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Though intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation is not the natural pathway of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) infection in mink, it is frequently used experimentally. To investigate AMDV pathogenesis, we compared the effects of IP, aerosol (AE), and natural infection in mink. Forty-six sapphire mink were divided into groups: negative controls, IP and AE AMDV-inoculated mink, and sentinels exposed to IP-inoculated mink for two-week periods. Mink in the control, IP, and AE groups were euthanized 2, 5, or 10 weeks post-inoculation. The mink were tested for AMDV antibodies and by PCR on serum samples throughout the study, and by PCR and histology in organs after euthanasia. The sentinel mink were introduced to determine when the risk of natural transmission was highest. AMDV was detected in the sentinels exposed during weeks 3\u20136, indicating that AMDV transmission risk is highest early in infection, before antibody-positive animals can be detected on the farm. Infection in the AE group progressed more gradually than in the IP group, which developed more pronounced lesions and higher viral loads in the liver. Compared to IP inoculation, the aerosol model provides a superior experimental approach for studying natural infection and transmission of AMDV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15050494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1777860381000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogenesis of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus Infection\u2014Comparison of Natural Transmission with Experimental Aerosol and Intraperitoneal Inoculation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette Sif","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariann","family":"Chri\u00e9l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0730-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars Erik","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte Kristiane","family":"Hjulsager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, January 18). Genus: Amdoparvovirus|ICTV. Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/report\/chapter\/parvoviridae\/parvoviridae\/amdoparvovirus."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0786-5","article-title":"Outbreak Tracking of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) Using Partial NS1 Gene Sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Hjulsager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1576-x","article-title":"A Comparative Molecular Characterization of AMDV Strains Isolated from Cases of Clinical and Subclinical Infection","volume":"54","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Genes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e65","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus Causing Outbreaks in Mink Farms from Southwestern Europe: A Retrospective Study from 2012 to 2019","volume":"21","author":"Prieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0214-7","article-title":"Progression of Experimental Chronic Aleutian Mink Disease Virus Infection","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60046-2","article-title":"Aleutian Disease of Mink","volume":"29","author":"Porter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100209","article-title":"Acute Interstitial Pneumonia in Mink Kits Inoculated with Defined Isolates of Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus","volume":"31","author":"Alexandersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.109851","article-title":"Genetic Differences in Variants of the AMD Virus at the Site of a Disease Outbreak","volume":"587","author":"Kondracki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.013","article-title":"Distribution of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus Contamination in the Environment of Infected Mink Farms","volume":"204","author":"Prieto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.016","article-title":"Diversity and Stability of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus during Bottleneck Transitions Resulting from Eradication in Domestic Mink in Denmark","volume":"149","author":"Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/114.4.341","article-title":"The Experimental Transmission of a Virus Causing Hypergammaglobulinemia in Mink: Sources and Modes of Infection*","volume":"114","author":"Gorham","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.290","article-title":"Dose Response of Black American Mink to Aleutian Mink Disease Virus","volume":"8","author":"Farid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.3.1016-1023.1983","article-title":"Comparative Pathogenicity of Four Strains of Aleutian Disease Virus for Pastel and Sapphire Mink","volume":"41","author":"Hadlow","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199208","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Aleutian Disease Caused by Aleutian Mink Disease Virus: A Literature Review with a Perspective of Genomic Breeding for Disease Control in American Mink (Neogale Vison)","volume":"336","author":"Vahedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.09.011","article-title":"Generation of an Infectious Clone of AMDV and Identification of Capsid Residues Essential for Infectivity in Cell Culture","volume":"242","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.02.006","article-title":"A Comparison between Intraperitoneal Injection and Intranasal and Oral Inoculation of Mink with Aleutian Mink Disease Virus","volume":"124","author":"Farid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002231","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002231","article-title":"Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus via Vaginal and Rectal Routes in a Rabbit Model","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1637\/10151-040812-ResNote.1","article-title":"Effect of Different Routes of Inoculation on Infectivity and Viral Shedding of LPAI Viruses in Mallards","volume":"56","author":"Poulson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(91)90089-S","article-title":"Relevance of Inoculation Route to Virulence of Three Salmonella Spp. Strains in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Nnalue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.010","article-title":"Influence of the Inoculation Route in BALB\/c Mice Infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"90","author":"Melo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.01.011","article-title":"Diagnosing Aleutian Mink Disease Infection by a New Fully Automated ELISA or by Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis: A Comparison of Sensitivity and Specificity","volume":"199","author":"Dahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"289","article-title":"The Sequential Development of Lesions in Spontaneous Aleutian Disease of Mink","volume":"3","author":"Henson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pathol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.02.009","article-title":"Reduced Severity of Histopathological Lesions in Mink Selected for Tolerance to Aleutian Mink Disease Virus Infection","volume":"111","author":"Farid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hansen, M.S., Krog, J.S., Hjulsager, C.K., Chri\u00e9l, M., Larsen, L.E., and Kokotovic, B. (2017). Lungebet\u00e6ndelse Hos Mink Med Ansamlinger Af Mononukle\u00e6re Inflammationsceller. Faglig \u00c5rsberetning 2016: Kopenhagen Fur, Kopenhagen Fur."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(91)90135-Y","article-title":"Virus-Specific B-Lymphocytes Are Probably the Primary Targets for Aleutian Disease Virus","volume":"28","author":"Aasted","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.9.5305-5312.1992","article-title":"Identification of Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus Transcripts in Macrophages of Infected Adult Mink","volume":"66","author":"Kanno","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.041","article-title":"Monitoring Chronic Infection with a Field Strain of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus","volume":"168","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588602300506","article-title":"Acute Interstitial Pneumonia in Mink Kits: Experimental Reproduction of the Disease","volume":"23","author":"Alexandersen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:22:32Z","timestamp":1777861352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15050494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15050494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]}}}