{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:54:20Z","timestamp":1785412460197,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE25FE-204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE25FE-204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DF25FE-201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DF25FE-201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DE25FE-204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE25FE-204"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pg13f04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DF25FE-201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DF25FE-201"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pg13f04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2023, Cyprus experienced a large-scale epizootic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) temporally associated with the emergence of a novel feline coronavirus, FCoV-23. While molecular investigations have elucidated the recombinant origin of FCoV-23, field-based clinical and other epidemiological data from FIP cases reported during the epizootic period were needed to characterize the outbreak better. A prospective study was conducted using a structured 31-item questionnaire embedded in veterinary management software to characterize FIP cases diagnosed during the epizootic period (late 2022\u20132025). Data were voluntarily submitted by registered veterinarians across Cyprus. Cases were included based on a clinical diagnosis of FIP; virological confirmation of FCoV-23 infection was not required for inclusion. Data from 68 FIP cases reported by 22 clinics (response rate 21.0%) were analyzed. Affected cats were older than typically reported for FIP (mean age 3.9 years; median 3.0; range 0.4\u201312.9 years; SD 3.41). Most cases were documented in Limassol (51.5%) and Nicosia (25.0%). The most frequently reported clinical signs were non-specific, like anorexia (60.3%) and weight loss (54.4%), while a variety of neurological and mental manifestations were documented in 35.3% of cases. An albumin-to-globulin ratio &lt; 0.8 was observed in 86.8% of tested cats. Antiviral therapy (GS-441524 or molnupiravir) was administered in 92.2% of cases, with reported clinical improvement of 88.9%. These findings demonstrate the value of questionnaire-based surveillance in documenting outbreak-associated FIP patterns. Although individual cases were not uniformly confirmed as FCoV-23 infections, the increased proportion of neurological presentations among FIP cases reported during the epizootic period supports previous molecular evidence suggesting that neurological involvement was associated with FCoV-23 circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15050499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:30:22Z","timestamp":1778059822000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological and Clinical Insights from 68 Veterinarian-Reported Cases of Feline Infectious Peritonitis During the Documented FIP Epizootic in Cyprus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetris","family":"Epaminondas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, 1417 Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Mazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lyraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Small Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Plakentia Veterinary Clinic, 17455 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Tait-Burkard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Gunn-Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) Schooll of Veterinary Medicine Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Loukaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vet Dia Gnosis Ltd., Stygos 27, 3117 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathia-Evangelia","family":"Georgiadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the Vets Veterinary Clinic, Markou Evgenikou 10, 4002 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Loizides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D.S. Compass Solutions Ltd., Tamasou 12, Pano Deftera, 2460 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetris","family":"Demetriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D.S. Compass Solutions Ltd., Tamasou 12, Pano Deftera, 2460 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Polizopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos","family":"Attipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) Schooll of Veterinary Medicine Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Eleni","family":"Filippitzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317889","article-title":"Archives of Virology: The Virology and Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"59","author":"Holgzinek","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., and Hartmann, K. (2019). Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108667","article-title":"Origin and Transmission of Feline Coronavirus Type I in Domestic Cats from Northern Italy: A Phylogeographic Approach","volume":"244","author":"Lauzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaimes, J.A., Millet, J.K., Stout, A.E., Andr\u00e9, N.M., and Whittaker, G.R. (2020). A Tale of Two Viruses: The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010083"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199059","article-title":"An Updated Review of Feline Coronavirus: Mind the Two Biotypes","volume":"326","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.017","article-title":"An Update on Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Virology and Immunopathogenesis","volume":"201","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814522077","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Still an Enigma?","volume":"51","author":"Kipar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.2417-2432","article-title":"A Review of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection","volume":"17","author":"Solikhah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.3143","article-title":"Concerning Feline Infectious Peritonitis Outbreak in Cyprus","volume":"192","author":"Attipa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09340-0","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis Epizootic Caused by a Recombinant Coronavirus","volume":"645","author":"Attipa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.3696","article-title":"FCoV-23 Causing FIP in a Cat Imported to the UK from Cyprus","volume":"193","author":"Warr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.08.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Feline Coronavirus in Two Cat Populations in Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Sharif","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.684-689.1995","article-title":"Detection of Feline Coronavirus RNA in Feces, Tissues, and Body Fluids of Naturally Infected Cats by Reverse Transcriptase PCR","volume":"33","author":"Herrewegh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.tb12231.x","article-title":"Seroprevalence Study of Feline Coronavirus in Owned and Feral Cats in Sydney, Australia","volume":"84","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.101962","article-title":"Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Feline Coronavirus Infection in Cats from Greece","volume":"94","author":"Kokkinaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., Klein-Richers, U., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Bergmann, M., Unterer, S., Leutenegger, C.M., and Hartmann, K. (2020). Correlation of Feline Coronavirus Shedding in Feces with Coronavirus Antibody Titer. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080598"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.025","article-title":"Levels of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus in Blood, Effusions, and Various Tissues and the Role of Lymphopenia in Disease Outcome Following Experimental Infection","volume":"175","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19837114","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation on Feline Coronavirus Presence in the Reproductive Tract of the Tom Cat as a Potential Route of Viral Transmission","volume":"22","author":"Stranieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"368","article-title":"An Enteric Coronavirus Infection of Cats and Its Relationship to Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Pedersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Relatsh. Feline Infect. Peritonitis"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"164","article-title":"Control of Feline Coronavirus Infection in Kittens","volume":"7","author":"Addie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/v1020166","article-title":"Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"1","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0090","article-title":"Feline Coronavirus Isolates from a Part of Brazil: Insights into Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogeny Inferred from the 7b Gene","volume":"81","author":"Myrrha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection","volume":"10","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2023.2246553","article-title":"Quantification of GS-441524 Concentration in Feline Plasma Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection","volume":"43","author":"Kimble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15586209","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Features of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis\u2014A Retrospective Study of 231 Confirmed Cases (2000\u20132010)","volume":"18","author":"Riemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X241227122","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241227122","article-title":"Bicavitary Effusion in Cats: Retrospective Analysis of Signalment, Clinical Investigations, Diagnosis and Outcome","volume":"26","author":"Hardwick","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15780","article-title":"Antiviral Treatment Using the Adenosine Nucleoside Analogue GS-441524 in Cats with Clinically Diagnosed Neurological Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"34","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758592","article-title":"Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Update on Evidence Supporting Available Tests","volume":"20","author":"Tasker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasker, S., Addie, D.D., Egberink, H., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M.J., Truyen, U., Bel\u00e1k, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Frymus, T., and Lloret, A. (2023). Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091847"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231194460","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231194460","article-title":"Retrospective Study and Outcome of 307 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with Legally Sourced Veterinary Compounded Preparations of Remdesivir and GS-441524 (2020\u20132022)","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12058","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Feline Coronavirus Strains in an Epizootic Outbreak of Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"27","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-57","article-title":"An Outbreak of Feline Infectious Peritonitis in a Taiwanese Shelter: Epidemiologic and Molecular Evidence for Horizontal Transmission of a Novel Type II Feline Coronavirus","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"International Cat Care (2026, January 09). Cat Welfare and Population Management: 10-Year Strategic Framework for Cyprus. Available online: https:\/\/icatcare.org\/resources\/icatcare_10-year_strategic_framework_cyprus.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2025, December 30). Cyprus News Agency. Available online: https:\/\/cna.org.cy\/en\/article\/5263722\/around-8-000-clinical-fip-cases-this-year-in-cyprus-veterinary-association-says."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09155-z","article-title":"Loss of FCoV-23 Spike Domain 0 Enhances Fusogenicity and Entry Kinetics","volume":"645","author":"Tortorici","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13856","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Are They Similar?","volume":"68","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Tasker, S., Addie, D.D., Egberink, H., Hartmann, K., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M.J., Truyen, U., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., and Frymus, T. (2026, January 11). European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases: FIP Diagnostic Tools. Available online: https:\/\/www.abcdcatsvets.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/TOOL_FIP_Feline_infectious_peritonitis_December_2021_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(Microsoft Excel, 2025). Microsoft Excel, version 2508."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, December 26). R: What Is R?. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/about.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101745","article-title":"Survey of the UK Veterinary Profession: Common Species and Conditions Nominated by Veterinarians in Practice","volume":"174","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0350-8","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Survey on the Use and Impact of the Danish National Antibiotic Use Guidelines for Companion Animal Practice","volume":"59","author":"Jessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, A., de Rago, L., Pinho, J.O., Estrela, M., Coelho, A.C., Oliveira, P.A., Figueiras, A., Roque, F., and Herdeiro, M.T. (2025). Understanding How Veterinarians\u2019 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Influence Antibiotic Prescription: A Systematic Review of Survey Studies. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05001-6"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.015","article-title":"Zoonotic Disease Risk Perceptions in the British Veterinary Profession","volume":"136","author":"Robin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.016","article-title":"An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"201","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13623","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Common Respiratory Pathogens within a Cohort of Pet Cats in the UK","volume":"64","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2026, January 09). Cats: Lovable Pets with a Big Downside for Nature\u2014BirdLife Cyprus. Available online: https:\/\/birdlifecyprus.org\/cats-lovable-pets-with-a-big-downside-for-nature\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.008","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management","volume":"11","author":"Addie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.10.011","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"35","author":"Hartmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Hong, X., and Zhang, T. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Mainland China between 2008 and 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081220"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Chronic Stress Status and Quality of Life in Cats Suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease and Suspected Feline Infectious Peritonitis Based on Hair Cortisol Concentration Analysis and a Questionnaire","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718755833","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of the Neuropathology and Diagnosis of Naturally Occurring Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"30","author":"Rissi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zappulli, V., Ferro, S., Bonsembiante, F., Brocca, G., Calore, A., Cavicchioli, L., Centelleghe, C., Corazzola, G., De Vreese, S., and Gelain, M.E. (2020). Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122377"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1991","article-title":"Circulation of Pantropic Canine Coronavirus in Autochthonous and Imported Dogs, Italy","volume":"67","author":"Alfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonavoglia, A., Pellegrini, F., Decaro, N., Galgano, M., and Pratelli, A. (2023). A One Health Perspective on Canine Coronavirus: A Wolf in Sheep\u2019s Clothing?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040921"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050839","article-title":"Canine Coronavirus Highly Pathogenic for Dogs","volume":"12","author":"Buonavoglia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.01.014","article-title":"Canine Coronavirus, Greece. Molecular Analysis and Genetic Diversity Characterization","volume":"16","author":"Ntafis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.039","article-title":"A Pantropic Canine Coronavirus Genetically Related to the Prototype Isolate CB\/05","volume":"159","author":"Decaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasteur, K., Diana, A., Yatcilla, J.K., Barnard, S., and Croney, C.C. (2024). Access to Veterinary Care: Evaluating Working Definitions, Barriers, and Implications for Animal Welfare. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1335410"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, M., Volk, H., and Kunzmann, P. (2022). Is Pet Health Insurance Able to Improve Veterinary Care? Why Pet Health Insurance for Dogs and Cats Has Limits: An Ethical Consideration on Pet Health Insurance. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131728"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1266","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.1266","article-title":"Comparing Veterinarians\u2019 Attitudes to and the Potential Influence of Pet Health Insurance in Austria, Denmark and the UK","volume":"190","author":"Springer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.03.018","article-title":"Serum Protein Electrophoresis in 155 Cats","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16664389","article-title":"Frequency of Electrophoretic Changes Consistent with Feline Infectious Peritonitis in Two Different Time Periods (2004\u20132009 vs 2013\u20132014)","volume":"19","author":"Stranieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"FECAVA (2025, November 07). 2023 Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Treatment Allowed in Cyprus after FCoV-2023-Outbreak\u2014FECAVA. Available online: https:\/\/www.fecava.org\/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip-treatment-allowed-in-cyprus\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19825701","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the Nucleoside Analog GS-441524 for Treatment of Cats with Naturally Occurring Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cern\u00e1, P., Wittenburg, L., Hawley, J., Willis, M., Siegenthaler, B., and Lappin, M.R. (2025). Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir in Cats with Naturally Occurring Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070666"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.08.0466","article-title":"Unlicensed Antiviral Products Used for the At-Home Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Contain GS-441524 at Significantly Different Amounts than Advertised","volume":"262","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S., Novicoff, W., Nadeau, J., and Evans, S. (2021). Unlicensed Gs-441524-like Antiviral Therapy Can Be Effective for at-Home Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082257"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negash, R., Li, E., Jacque, N., Novicoff, W., and Evans, S.J.M. (2024). Owner Experience and Veterinary Involvement with Unlicensed GS-441524 Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X251403283","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X251403283","article-title":"EXPRESS: Clinical Trial of Molnupiravir with or without an Oral Immune Stimulant as a First-Line Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"28","author":"Cerna","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, M., Jacque, N., Novicoff, W., Li, E., Negash, R., and Evans, S.J.M. (2022). Unlicensed Molnupiravir Is an Effective Rescue Treatment Following Failure of Unlicensed GS-441524-like Therapy for Cats with Suspected Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101209"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13433","article-title":"Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis in Cats with Molnupiravir: Clinical Observations and Outcomes for 54 Cases","volume":"103","author":"Clark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16832","article-title":"Molnupiravir Treatment of 18 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Case Series","volume":"37","author":"Sase","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17187","article-title":"Open Label Clinical Trial of Orally Administered Molnupiravir as a First-Line Treatment for Naturally Occurring Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"38","author":"Reagan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sase, O., Iwami, T., Sasaki, T., and Sano, T. (2024). GS-441524 and Molnupiravir Are Similarly Effective for the Treatment of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1422408"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:54:18Z","timestamp":1778061258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/15\/5\/499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens15050499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens15050499","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}}}