{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T03:04:26Z","timestamp":1779678266776,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we examine the occurrence of two independent, single recombination events which occurred between human enteroviruses (Picornaviridae, Enterovirus, Enterovirus betacoxsackie). These recombination events contributed to the emergence of two viruses which adapted to pigs. These viruses have caused epizootics of swine vesicular disease (SVD) for many years. As was shown previously, the classical SVD virus (SVDV-1) originated from human coxsackievirus B5. The strain T75 (SVDV-2) emerged from human coxsackievirus B4 in the Tambov region of Russia, where it circulated from 1975 to 1977. A high percentage of similarity between both types of the SVD virus was found in the 3D protein coding region (88%). In our previous work, analysis of the VP1 gene dates the appearance of the SVDV-2 precursor to between 1954 and 1975. In this work, the origin of the genome region encoding non-structural proteins was analyzed and is believed to be a result of multiple recombination events between human enteroviruses (hypothetically, E1, E9, E11 and coxsackievirus A9). The recombination breakpoint between the region of structural CVB4 proteins and non-structural T75 proteins is located in region 2A. This mini-review also represents the historical research of SVDV-1 and SVDV-2 strains (O72(USS\/6\/72) and T75, respectively) isolated in the former Soviet Union.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:32:28Z","timestamp":1779676348000},"page":"565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emergence of Two Porcine Variants of Human Coxsackievirus B5 and B4 in the 20th Century That Caused Swine Vesicular Disease: A Retrospective Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia F.","family":"Lomakina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4120-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone E.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WOAH (2026, April 16). 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