{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:57:41Z","timestamp":1789660661796,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Streptococcus mutans is a key etiological agent of dental caries, and its ability to form biofilms significantly increases resistance to antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the activity of selected oral antiseptics against both planktonic and biofilm forms of S. mutans. Methods: Seven pure antiseptic compounds and nine commercially available mouthwashes were tested. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a microdilution method, and their clinical relevance was assessed using the Clinical Efficiency of MIC (CEMIC) index. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated using a crystal violet assay and by measuring biofilm thickness using 3D microscopy and the Biofilm Thickness Analyzer application. Results: The highest antibacterial and antibiofilm activity was observed for octenidine (OCT), chlorhexidine (CHX), and polyhexanide (PHMB), as well as for mouthwashes containing these agents, all showing high CEMIC values. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and fluoride-containing formulations also demonstrated notable activity. In contrast, ethacridine lactate and boric acid showed variable effects, while sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate exhibited weak antibacterial activity and no antibiofilm effect. Conclusions: OCT, CHX, and PHMB were the most effective against both planktonic and biofilm forms of S. mutans. H2O2 and fluoride-containing formulations also showed promising activity. These findings support the role of selected antiseptics in reducing dental plaque formation, a key factor in the development of oral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1780454246000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Antiseptics and Mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7168-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Korbecka-Paczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Medi Pharm, os. Konstytucji 3 Maja 14\/2, 63-200 Jarocin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02811-3","article-title":"Trends in the Global, Regional, and National Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"Bernabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100904","article-title":"Global Burden of Dental Caries from 1990 to 2021 and Future Projections","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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