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However, the genetic features underlying strain-specific indole production and its association with bacterial virulence remain unclear. Analysis of a previously published periodontitis cohort revealed that periodontitis severity was associated with salivary indole-related metabolic signatures, which were positively correlated with the abundance of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Further analysis showed that W83, a reference strain previously reported to exhibit relatively high virulence-associated characteristics, produced significantly higher levels of indole than ATCC 33277 under the experimental conditions. Comparative genomic analysis of 36 complete P. gingivalis genomes showed that the amino acid sequences of TnaA were highly conserved. However, the transposase region adjacent to tnaA differed among strains: previously reported high-virulence strains, including W83, W50, and A7436, harbored the IS5-family transposase ISPg1, whereas several low-virulence reference strains carried the IS982-family transposase IS195. In saliva samples from periodontitis patients, ISPg1 expression was positively correlated with tnaA expression, and both were associated with periodontal clinical parameters. Together, these findings indicate that transposase-associated genomic variation near tnaA is associated with strain-specific tryptophan-indole metabolism, virulence-associated gene expression, and periodontal clinical parameters, while direct causality remains to be established in future functional studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:25:17Z","timestamp":1781083517000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transposase-Associated Variation near tnaA in Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Linked to Indole Production and Virulence-Associated Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjia","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4676-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingnan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfan","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Shandong University-BOP Joint Oral Microbiome Laboratory, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2858-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2020.02.005","article-title":"The association between periodontal diseases and halitosis among Saudi patients","volume":"33","author":"Alzoman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. 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