{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:13:18Z","timestamp":1792725198173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: International travel and global mobility have led to an increasing number of pediatric patients presenting with infections acquired outside Europe. However, epidemiological data on imported infectious diseases in children remain fragmented, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the spectrum, distribution, and epidemiological characteristics of imported infections in children and adolescents returning to Europe. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251245531). PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between 2010 and December 2025. Studies reporting laboratory-confirmed or clinically diagnosed imported infections in pediatric populations (0\u201318 years) returning to Europe were included. Data were extracted and synthesized descriptively, with separate analyses for malaria-specific, non-malarial, and syndromic cohorts. Results: A total of 31 studies was included. Malaria was the most consistently reported infection, predominantly caused by Plasmodium falciparum and most frequently reported in association with travel to sub-Saharan Africa, which accounted for the largest proportion of reported exposures in clinical cohorts. Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) was the dominant travel category, representing between 45.8% and 87.4% of cases in disaggregated malaria cohorts and a substantial proportion across non-malarial studies. Non-malarial infections\u2014including gastrointestinal, bacterial, parasitic, and viral diseases\u2014represented a substantial proportion of cases in mixed and post-travel cohorts, with gastrointestinal illness frequently constituting the leading diagnosis. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies in terms of design, diagnostic approaches, and reporting practices, precluding formal meta-analysis. Conclusions: Imported infections in pediatric travelers encompass a broad and heterogeneous spectrum extending beyond malaria alone. Diagnostic approaches should integrate travel history, geographic exposure, and clinical presentation. Standardized pediatric-specific surveillance and harmonized reporting are needed to improve comparability and support more accurate epidemiological assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1781146771000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and Spectrum of Imported Infectious Diseases in Children and Adolescents Returning to Europe: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0856-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Niest\u0119pski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1682-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub Marek","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3745-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Waszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jarz\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4882-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Grusiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4771-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"\u015amigielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5731-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Marczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pokorska-\u015apiewak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2019). 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