{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1781592884033,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve clinical decision-making about Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) infections and halt the spread of resistant microbes, quicker and less expensive diagnostic techniques are required. Thus, the purpose of this study was to thoroughly evaluate the diagnostic efficiency (sensitivity, specificity, and concordance) of direct-from-specimen multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) across diverse raw clinical specimens and pathogen types from critically sick patients. A total of 300 non-duplicate samples were tested to detect CR-GNB. Five major Carbapenemase genes were detected directly from the specimen using carbapenem-resistant K.N.I.V.O. detection K-Set and from culture using culture-enhanced multiplex PCR. Turnaround time (TAT) of each method was calculated. The direct LFIA revealed 100% specificity for NDM, KPC, and IMP enzymes in all tested clinical matrices (blood, urine, and respiratory samples). The study demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity with perfect categorical agreement (\u03ba = 1.000) for the blaKPC in the Klebsiella pneumoniae and for blaOXA-48 and blaIMP in the Acinetobacter baumannii; however, sensitivity of blaVIM was significantly diminished across all isolates and samples. TAT decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) from 30 to 70 h to about 50 min. The tested direct LFIA facilitates the prompt enhancement of lifesaving tailored antibiotic treatment for severe illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15060634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1781588788000},"page":"634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct-from-Specimen Detection of Major Carbapenemases by Carbapenem-Resistant K.N.I.V.O. Detection K-Set: Comparative Analysis of Accuracy and Turnaround Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basant Mostafa","family":"Gabr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Abd El-Aziz","family":"Gadallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa","family":"Abd Elaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sama","family":"Metwally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghda Gabr","family":"Mashaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha A.","family":"Abd Ellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0491-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed G.","family":"Elkhouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira E.","family":"Oraiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bsant S.","family":"Kasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buradyah 52366, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham M.","family":"Elkolaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa S.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e01730-17","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of the Clinical Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"62","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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